A secondary battery includes a cathode; an anode (1) including a plurality of carbon particles and a plurality of non-carbon particles, (2) the carbon particles containing graphite, (3) the non-carbon particles containing a material including, as a constituent element, one or more of silicon (Si), tin (Sn), and germanium (Ge), and (4) a distribution of a first-order differential value of an integrated value Q of a relative particle amount with respect to a particle diameter D of the plurality of carbon particles having one or more discontinuities, where a horizontal axis and a vertical axis of the distribution indicate the particle diameter D (μm) and a first-order differential value dQ/dD, respectively; and an electrolyte.

An electrical system for a vehicle which can be electrically driven includes a high-voltage DC system and a low-voltage DC system. A DC/DC converter is, or can be, electrically connected to the high-voltage DC system at one end and to the low-voltage DC system at the other end. An AC line passage is, or can be, electrically connected to a first DC/AC converter. The first DC/AC converter is, or can be, electrically connected to the high-voltage DC system at one end and to an AC drive device of the vehicle by way of the AC line passage at the other end. There is also included a DC energy source, in particular a fuel cell device for example. A second DC/AC converter is, or can be, electrically connected to the DC energy source at one end and to the AC line passage at the other end.

An electric vehicle includes an electric machine, a generator generating a first AC output current, an internal combustion engine driving the generator, and a first electric plug-in charging device. When the engine is started, the generator supplies the battery with charging power. The first plug-in charging device is geometrically configured to be connectable with single phase AC power mains to supply the battery with charging power in a vehicle deactivated state. The first plug-in charging device is configured for a maximum electric power voltage load of 240 volts and a maximum current strength of 32 amperes. A second electric plug-in charging device is integrated into the vehicle. A DC charging station is connectable to the second charging device in the deactivated state so the DC charging station is usable either exclusively or simultaneously with the single phase AC power mains for charging the battery.

A mobile diesel generator and propulsion system preferably includes a diesel engine, a vehicle platform, a generator with voltage inverter, a battery charging system, at least one storage battery, an AC voltage to DC voltage converter, a motor controller and an AC motor. The generator with voltage inverter is driven by the diesel engine. The battery charging system receives AC voltage from the generator with voltage inverter and outputs a DC voltage to charge the at least one storage battery. The AC voltage to DC voltage converter receives output from the generator with voltage inverter and outputs a DC voltage to the motor controller. The motor controller receives DC voltage output from either the AC voltage to DC voltage converter or the at least one storage battery and outputs AC voltage to the AC voltage motor. The AC voltage motor drives a rear wheel of the vehicle platform.

A DC link capacitor in a drive system for an electric vehicle is quickly discharged using only local action within an inverter module and without any extra components to dissipate the charge. The inverter has a phase leg comprising an upper switching device and a lower switching device coupled across the capacitor. A gate driver is coupled to the phase leg to alternately switch the switching devices to ON state according to a PWM signal during pulse-width modulation of the drive system. The gate driver is configured to discharge the link capacitor during a discharge event by simultaneously activating the upper and lower switching devices to transitional states. Thus use of transitional states ensures that the switching devices provide an impedance that dissipates the capacitor charge while protecting the devices from excessive temperature.

A method and system are provided for variably adjusted voltage of the LDC applied with an IBS (Intelligent Battery Sensor). The LDC output voltage control mode is determined in each of three driving modes, and the high electric loads are separated into two or more groups. The LDC output voltage value and the order priority are differentiated based on the durability of the auxiliary battery. Additionally, an LDC output voltage order table is generated according to the driving mode and the SOC state based on the auxiliary battery SOC information obtained from an IBS. Thus, consumed energy of the LDC and an energy consumption amount of the auxiliary battery are minimized, thus improving fuel efficiency.

A control method of a low voltage DC-DC converter for a hybrid vehicle is provided. The method includes determining a vehicle drive mode, determining vehicle driving condition, and determining vehicle condition information including a motor output alteration and a gear mode. Further, an output mode of the low voltage converter is determined based to the drive mode, the driving condition, and the condition information and an output voltage of the low voltage converter is adjusted based on temperature and SOC of a battery in the determined output mode.

A surge according to a change of a switching state can be reduced without increasing a torque ripple of a motor. A first switching signal to control switching of a boost converter is generated on the basis of a comparison of a first duty command value and a first triangular wave carrier of the boost converter. A second switching signal to control switching of an inverter is generated on the basis of a comparison of a second duty command value and a second triangular wave carrier of the inverter. In addition, the second triangular wave carrier is generated such that a frequency of the second triangular wave carrier becomes equal to a frequency of the first triangular wave carrier and a phase of the second triangular wave carrier is different from a phase of the first triangular wave carrier by 180 degrees.