Systems, apparatuses, and methods provide for technology that locates one or more masses of a thunderstorm system, as the thunderstorm system starts to organize and before the thunderstorm system spawns a tornado, and controls a transmission of electromagnetic radiation from the space platform to the one or more masses, wherein the transmitted electromagnetic radiation tracks the one or more masses as the thunderstorm system is starting to organize and rotate, and wherein the transmitted electromagnetic radiation prevents the thunderstorm system from rotating and spawning the tornado.

A spectrographic system includes a space-borne spectrometer in communication with a ground-based processor. The space-borne spectrometer may include an interferometer, a detector array downstream from the interferometer, and a spectrometer controller configured to cooperate with the detector array to collect Fourier Transform Spectral (FTS) data, generate Principle Component Analysis (PCA) scores from the collected FTS data, generate an approximate interferogram based upon the PCA scores and the collected FTS data, generate residuals based upon the approximate interferogram, and generate compressed FTS data based upon the PCA scores and residuals to be sent to the ground-based processor.

A communications system includes cellular devices and cellular base stations in communication with the cellular devices in a first frequency band. A non-geostationary satellite may include sensing circuitry operable in a second frequency band susceptible to interference from the first frequency band. Each cellular base station may include a controller and a transceiver cooperating therewith. The controller may be configured to store satellite path data for the non-geostationary satellite, determine when the satellite path data indicates interference would otherwise be experienced by the non-geostationary satellite, and implement an interference mitigation action in cooperation with associated cellular devices based upon the satellite path data indicating interference would otherwise be experienced by the non-geostationary satellite.

Systems, apparatuses, and methods provide for technology that locates one or more masses of a thunderstorm system, as the thunderstorm system starts to organize and before the thunderstorm system spawns a tornado, and controls a transmission of electromagnetic radiation from the space platform to the one or more masses, wherein the transmitted electromagnetic radiation tracks the one or more masses as the thunderstorm system is starting to organize and rotate, and wherein the transmitted electromagnetic radiation prevents the thunderstorm system from rotating and spawning the tornado.

A measurement system comprising a plurality of High-Altitude Pseudo Satellites (HAPS), comprising fixed wing HAPS, having a span loaded fixed wing, an aspect ratio greater than 15 and wing loading less than 6 kg/m2, and/or lighter than air HAPS, each HAPS carrying a plurality of lightweight dropsondes, each dropsonde including sensors and a transmitter, where the plurality of high-altitude pseudo satellites located in a geographical array over at least part an area of the earth. The dropsondes are deployed from the HAPS at predetermined times, such that the deployed dropsondes gathering sensed data after deployment, and the sensed data transmitted to the HAPS.

An observation method comprises a step for calculating first predicted observation data for a first area of interest as a function of second observation data acquired by a second observation satellite in stationary orbit for the first area of interest and/or first observation data acquired by the first observation satellite for first observation areas located near the first area of interest, and reference observation data previously recorded in a database; and/or a step for calculating second predicted observation data, for a second area of interest as a function of first observation data acquired by the first observation satellite in drift orbit and reference observation data.

The present invention relates to a passive microwave sounder for a satellite, having a fixed reflection plate. The passive microwave sounder for a satellite, having a fixed reflection plate includes: a motor 100 including a first rotary shaft 110 formed to extend in a progressing direction of a satellite; a first rotating reflection plate 200 forming a predetermined angle with respect to the ground surface of a nadir direction and having a first one-side surface 210 and a first other-side surface 220, the center of the first one-side surface 210 being coupled to and rotating with the first rotary shaft 110, such that the first one-side surface 210 and the first other-side surface 220 alternately face the ground surface, and the second other-side surface 220 reflecting incident electromagnetic waves; an auxiliary reflection part 300 reflecting the electromagnetic waves incident from the first other-side surface 220 to a predetermined position; a reception part 400 receiving the electromagnetic waves reflected from the auxiliary reflection part 300; and a fixed reflection plate 500 fixed above the first rotating reflection plate 200 at a predetermined angle with the ground surface and reflecting the electromagnetic waves to the first one-side surface 210 or the first other-side surface 220.

Monthly average DLI values for a specified geographic location, or a greenhouse, polytunnel or other controlled environment at the specified geographic location, are calculated from historic reference data from weather stations. The calculations are a prediction based on the geographic similarity of the specified location to the locations of the weather stations. Calculations may also be based on the proximity of the weather stations. Weather data from satellites may also be used. A calculation indicates whether a proposed controlled environment in a specified geographic location will provide sufficient monthly DLI for a given crop with known DLI requirements. Where the DLI is insufficient, an amount of supplemental electric lighting is specified.

A communications system includes cellular devices and cellular base stations in communication with the cellular devices in a first frequency band. A non-geostationary satellite may include sensing circuitry operable in a second frequency band susceptible to interference from the first frequency band. Each cellular base station may include a controller and a transceiver cooperating therewith. The controller may be configured to store satellite path data for the non-geostationary satellite, determine when the satellite path data indicates interference would otherwise be experienced by the non-geostationary satellite, and implement an interference mitigation action in cooperation with associated cellular devices based upon the satellite path data indicating interference would otherwise be experienced by the non-geostationary satellite.

This spectrum protection system enables spectrum sharing that protects Earth Exploration-Satellite Services (EESS) observations, which allows for uninterrupted weather forecasting, from terrestrial operations that operate near or within EESS frequency bands without cumbersome restrictions on telecommunications (telecom) providers. The system calculates the satellite observation times using a device's location recognizing that these satellites are only observing a particular location on Earth for a very small amount of time because of their orbital dynamics and scanning characteristics. Using this calculated list of observation times and comparing it to the current time input, the system then enacts a mechanism for action when EESS observations are occurring. Two simple embodiments for the mechanism for action include momentarily changing frequencies or reducing transmission power levels to prevent erroneous EESS measurements. This system allows telecom providers to operate at optimal power levels at all other times near or within the EESS frequency bands.