A method includes positioning a porous structure in a pressure cell; injecting an inert pressure medium within the pressure cell; and pressurizing the pressure cell to a pressure that thermodynamically favors a crystalline phase of the porous structure over an amorphous phase of the porous structure to transition the amorphous phase of the porous structure into the crystalline phase of the porous structure.

Virus multilayers can be used as templates for growth of inorganic nanomaterials. For example, layer-by-layer construction of virus multilayers on functionalized surfaces form nanoporous structures onto which metal particles or metal oxide nanoparticles can be nucleated to result in an interconnected network of nanowires.

Virus multilayers can be used as templates for growth of inorganic nanomaterials. For example, layer-by-layer construction of virus multilayers on functionalized surfaces form nanoporous structures onto which metal particles or metal oxide nanoparticles can be nucleated to result in an interconnected network of nanowires.

A method of making highly an active mixed transition metal oxide material has been developed. The method may include sulfiding the metal oxide material to generate metal sulfides which are used as catalyst in a conversion process such as hydroprocessing. The hydroprocessing may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

In one embodiment, a composition of matter includes a crystalline porous structure having a density in a range from about 30 to about 50 mg/cm.sup.3. In another embodiment, a kit includes an amorphous, porous material, an inert pressure medium, a heating source, and a sample chamber configured to withstand an applied pressure of at least about 20 GPa. Other aspects and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention.

Compositions, methods and apparatus for trioxidane disinfection. The compositions may contain trioxidane in microbicidal concentrations of trioxidane effective for disinfection of surfaces. The apparatus may be used to produce the compositions. The apparatus may be used to deliver the compositions. The apparatus may be used to perform one or more steps of the methods. The methods may include methods for disinfection with the trioxidane compositions produced in or delivered via one or more of the apparatus.

The method for recycling carbon dioxide according to the present invention includes: injecting a reaction gas containing carbon dioxide and a carbon raw material into a rotary heating furnace; reacting the reaction gas and the carbon raw material with each other in the rotary heating furnace to generate a hydrocarbon precursor containing carbon monoxide; and converting the hydrocarbon precursor into a hydrocarbon compound, thereby exhibiting excellent conversion rate of carbon dioxide.

Provided is a method for producing an inorganic oxide in the form of a thin film, the method including a step of bringing a first liquid and a second liquid into contact with each other, the first liquid having an inorganic oxide precursor dissolved therein, the second liquid phase-separating from the first liquid and having a substance dissolved therein, the substance reacting with the inorganic oxide precursor of the first liquid to form an inorganic oxide derived from the inorganic oxide precursor. The segment size of the first liquid at the time of contact between the first and second liquids is 500 μm or smaller.

Provided is a method for producing an inorganic oxide in the form of a thin film, the method including a step of bringing a first liquid and a second liquid into contact with each other, the first liquid having an inorganic oxide precursor dissolved therein, the second liquid phase-separating from the first liquid and having a substance dissolved therein, the substance reacting with the inorganic oxide precursor of the first liquid to form an inorganic oxide derived from the inorganic oxide precursor. The segment size of the first liquid at the time of contact between the first and second liquids is 500 μm or smaller.

Methods of producing high purity powders of submicron particles of metal oxides are presented. The methods comprise providing or forming an alloy of a first metal with a second metal, optionally heating the alloy, subjecting the alloy to a leaching agent to remove the second metal from the alloy and to oxidize the first metal, thus forming submicron oxide particles of the first metal. Collections of high purity, high surface area, submicron particles are presented as well.