A process for recovering sulfur in a sulfur recovery unit comprising the steps of reacting hydrogen sulfide and oxygen in the reaction furnace at a minimum reaction temperature to produce a reaction effluent; reducing the temperature of the reaction effluent from the minimum reaction temperature to a boiler section outlet temperature to produce a cooled effluent, the cooled effluent comprises hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur-containing contaminants; reacting the hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur-containing contaminants in the catalytic extension to produce a boiler catalytic effluent; reducing the boiler catalytic effluent temperature such that the elemental sulfur condenses to form liquid sulfur and a gases stream; reacting the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing contaminants with the oxygen to produce an oxidizer outlet stream comprises sulfur dioxide; and separating the sulfur dioxide in the scrubbing unit to produce a recycle stream and an effluent gases, the recycle stream comprises sulfur dioxide.

A process for recovering sulfur in a sulfur recovery unit comprising the steps of reacting hydrogen sulfide and oxygen in the reaction furnace at a minimum reaction temperature to produce a reaction effluent; reducing the temperature of the reaction effluent from the minimum reaction temperature to a boiler section outlet temperature to produce a cooled effluent, the cooled effluent comprises hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur-containing contaminants; reacting the hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur-containing contaminants in the catalytic extension to produce a boiler catalytic effluent; reducing the boiler catalytic effluent temperature such that the elemental sulfur condenses to form liquid sulfur and a gases stream; reacting the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing contaminants with the oxygen to produce an oxidizer outlet stream comprises sulfur dioxide; and separating the sulfur dioxide in the scrubbing unit to produce a recycle stream and an effluent gases, the recycle stream comprises sulfur dioxide.

A process for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur recovery from a H.sub.2S-containing gas stream by catalytic direct oxidation and Claus reaction through two or more serially connected catalytic reactors, wherein a specific control of the oxygen supplement is operated. The control and improvement of the process is obtained by complementing, in each major step of the process, the H.sub.2S-containing gas stream by a suitable flow of oxygen, namely before the H.sub.2S-containing gas stream enters the Claus furnace, in the first reactor of the process and in the last reactor of the process. Especially in application in a SubDewPoint sulfur recovery process the H.sub.2S/SO.sub.2 ratio is kept constant also during switch-over of the reactors R1 and R by adding the last auxiliary oxygen containing gas directly upstream the last reactor R so that the H.sub.2S/SO.sub.2 ratio can follow the signal of the ADA within a few seconds.

A system for photocatalytic conversion includes a flowline, in which a production flow travels in a flow direction; and a reactor module. The reactor module includes a waveguide; a photocatalyst coupled to the waveguide, configured to convert hydrogen sulfide in the production flow to hydrogen and sulfur; a heater configured to heat a bottom of the reactor module, such that the sulfur is in liquid phase; and a sulfur collector configured to collect the sulfur. A method for photocatalytic conversion includes introducing a production flow from a flowline to a reactor module, the production flow including hydrogen sulfide and traveling in a flow direction; directing a light from a light source to a photocatalyst through a waveguide; converting the hydrogen sulfide into hydrogen and sulfur using the photocatalyst; and heating a portion of the reactor module to an elevated temperature, the sulfur in a liquid phase under the elevated temperature.

Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H.sub.2S-containing gas stream, with reduced, and preferably zero, emissions. The method comprises the catalytic oxidative cracking of H.sub.2S so as to form H.sub.2 and S.sub.2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The process is conducted in a reaction chamber comprising a bifunctional catalyst material, so as to favor both the partial oxidation of H.sub.2S and the dissociation thereof.

A process is provided for liquid sulfur degasification in an underground container, comprising: collecting liquid sulfur which contains polysulfides and hydrogen sulfide in a first compartment of the underground container; agitating and creating turbulence in the liquid sulfur in the first compartment of the underground container; transferring the liquid sulfur into a second compartment of the underground container; injecting gas into the liquid sulfur into the second compartment of the underground container via gas spargers, and also injecting morpholine catalyst into the liquid sulfur in the second compartment of the underground container to produce a degassed liquid sulfur; and transferring the degassed liquid sulfur into a third compartment of the underground container for storage and subsequent removal.

SuperDegas process refers to innovative process of the liquid sulfur collection and degassing which takes place in the underground container in a concrete pit or a carbon steel vessel located in the concrete pit. SuperDegas process consists of at least three compartments: (1) sulfur collection to agitate and create turbulent, higher velocity, and higher pressure in the liquid sulfur for more effective degassing by using vertical pumps; (2) consists of the proprietary air spargers and Morpholine catalyst for degassing. Morpholine catalyst degas the liquid sulfur 30 times faster than Quinoline or any other solvent with sparging air and within 1 hour residence time from 16-30 hours and to meet less than 10 ppmw of H2S in liquid sulfur. (3) The last compartment receives the degassed sulfur by overflow and transport through a pump or pumps to other facilities. An eductor will sweep vapor phase containing H2S, vaporized Morpholine with air where the pit vent can be sent to incineration or the reaction furnace. The tail gas stream from SRU can sweep the pit and the discharge shall be recycled to the tail gas unit, which ultimately zero emission can be achieved.

A method of separating oxygen from a body of water includes providing a colony of denitrifying bacteria submerged in the body of water. The colony of denitrifying bacteria can be used to convert at least a portion of nitrogen oxides present in the body of water to nitrogen gas. The method can also include collecting the nitrogen gas and bubbling the nitrogen gas through a portion of water from the body of water to remove dissolved oxygen from the portion of water. This can form a mixture of the nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.

A system for photocatalytic conversion includes a flowline, in which a production flow travels in a flow direction; and a reactor module. The reactor module includes a waveguide; a photocatalyst coupled to the waveguide, configured to convert hydrogen sulfide in the production flow to hydrogen and sulfur; a heater configured to heat a bottom of the reactor module, such that the sulfur is in liquid phase; and a sulfur collector configured to collect the sulfur. A method for photocatalytic conversion includes introducing a production flow from a flowline to a reactor module, the production flow including hydrogen sulfide and traveling in a flow direction; directing a light from a light source to a photocatalyst through a waveguide; converting the hydrogen sulfide into hydrogen and sulfur using the photocatalyst; and heating a portion of the reactor module to an elevated temperature, the sulfur in a liquid phase under the elevated temperature.

A method of generating hydrogen gas includes providing a colony of sulfur-reducing bacteria and a colony of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The colonies can be submerged in a body of water. The colony of sulfur-reducing bacteria can be used to convert at least a portion of sulfates present in the body of water to hydrogen sulfide. The colony of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can be used to convert the hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid can react with manganese to produce hydrogen gas and manganese sulfate.