Provided are methods of stabilizing MXene compositions using polyanionic salts so as to reduce the oxidation of the MXenes. Also provided are stabilized MXene compositions.

The present invention is directed to methods of transferring urea from an aqueous solution comprising urea to a MXene composition, the method comprising contacting the aqueous solution comprising urea with the MXene composition for a time sufficient to form an intercalated MXene composition comprising urea.

Provided are methods of stabilizing MXene compositions using polyanionic salts so as to reduce the oxidation of the MXenes. Also provided are stabilized MXene compositions.

The present invention pertains to a polycrystalline membrane containing metal nitride particles represented by the general formula MN.sub.x (where M is a metal element in which the Fermi energy is in a position higher than −4.4 eV vs L.V. and x is the range over which a rock salt-type structure can be assumed), in which the crystallite size determined by transmission electron microscopy is 10 nm or less, at least some of the crystallites have rock salt-type structure, and the crystallites exhibit (111) orientation but substantially do not exhibit (100) orientation. The present invention also pertains to a method for manufacturing a polycrystalline membrane, comprising forming, by sputtering, a polycrystalline membrane on a substrate having a temperature of less than 200° C., the polycrystalline membrane being represented by the general formula MN.sub.x and being such that at least some crystallites have a rock salt structure and the crystallites exhibit (111) orientation but essentially do not exhibit (100) orientation. The present invention provides a hydrogen-permeable TiN.sub.x microparticle membrane exhibiting a higher mixed hydride ion (H.sup.−)-electron conduction.

Described herein are antipathogenic compositions comprising a nitride chosen from aluminum nitride, boron nitride, chromium nitride, cerium nitride, hafnium nitride, lanthanum nitride, phosphorous nitride, sulfur nitride, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, vanadium nitride, yttrium nitride, zirconium nitride, silicon nitride, or combinations thereof, and methods of using said compositions to inactivate viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi.

Provided are a self-cleaning coating, a self-cleaning fiber, a self-cleaning carpet and uses thereof. The self-cleaning coating is provided with a porous structure where pores communicate with one another; the volume of the pores comprised in the coating makes up 20%-98% of the total volume of the coating; and the pore diameter of the pores in the porous structure is between 0.5 nm-50 nm. The self-cleaning coating is mainly prepared from host materials; the host materials are one or more of titanium oxide, zirconia, titanium nitride, silicon oxide, tungsten oxide, g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 semiconducting polymer, perovskite semiconductor, silver, iron, gold, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin and platinum.

A method for manufacturing catalyst material is provided, which includes putting an M′ target and an M″ target into a nitrogen-containing atmosphere, in which M′ is Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, or Zn, and M″ is Nb, Ta, or a combination thereof. Powers are provided to the M′ target and the M″ target, respectively. Providing ions to bombard the M′ target and the M″ target to sputtering deposit M′.sub.aM″.sub.bN.sub.2 on a substrate, wherein 0.7≤a≤1.7, 0.3≤b≤1.3, and a+b=2, wherein M′.sub.aM″.sub.bN.sub.2 is a cubic crystal system.

A process for producing ammonia and an apparatus for producing ammonia are disclosed herein. The process includes: the electrolytic production of a metal at a cathode of an electrolysis cell, wherein the metal is selected from Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Al and/or alloys and/or mixtures thereof; production of a nitride of the metal M by reaction of the electrolytically produced metal with a gas including nitrogen; introduction of the nitride of the metal M into the electrolysis cell (e.g., into an anode chamber of the electrolysis cell); and reaction of the nitride of the metal M at an anode of the electrolysis cell to produce ammonia.

A method for producing a metal nitride and/or a metal carbide, a metal nitride and/or metal carbide optionally produced according to the method, and the use of the metal nitride and/or carbide in catalysis optionally catalytic hydroprocessing. Optionally, the method comprises: i) contacting at least one metal oxide comprising at least one first metal M.sup.1 with a cyanometallate comprising at least one second metal M.sup.2 to form a reaction mixture; and, ii) subjecting the reaction mixture to a temperature of at least 300° C. for a reaction period. Optionally, the metal nitride and/or metal carbide is a metal nitride comprising tungsten nitride.

A method for manufacturing nitride catalyst is provided, which includes putting a Ru target and an M target into a nitrogen-containing atmosphere, in which M is Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, or Zn. The method also includes providing powers to the Ru target and the M target, respectively. The method also includes providing ions to bombard the Ru target and the M target for depositing M.sub.xRu.sub.yN.sub.2 on a substrate by sputtering, wherein 0<x<1.3, 0.7<y<2, and x+y=2, wherein M.sub.xRu.sub.yZ.sub.2 is cubic crystal system or amorphous.