A method for producing a solution of ammonium carbamate is provided. The method comprises reacting ammonium hydroxide with sodium bicarbonate. The method avoids the complications of using carbon dioxide and can be carried out using standard equipment. The resulting solution of ammonium carbamate can be used to form a biocide by mixing with a hypochlorite oxidant.

A method for producing a solution of ammonium carbamate is provided. The method comprises reacting ammonium hydroxide with sodium bicarbonate. The method avoids the complications of using carbon dioxide and can be carried out using standard equipment. The resulting solution of ammonium carbamate can be used to form a biocide by mixing with a hypochlorite oxidant.

A method for producing a solution of ammonium carbamate is provided. The method comprises reacting ammonium hydroxide with sodium bicarbonate. The method avoids the complications of using carbon dioxide and can be carried out using standard equipment. The resulting solution of ammonium carbamate can be used to form a biocide by mixing with a hypochlorite oxidant.

A method for producing a solution of ammonium carbamate is provided. The method comprises reacting ammonium hydroxide with sodium bicarbonate. The method avoids the complications of using carbon dioxide and can be carried out using standard equipment. The resulting solution of ammonium carbamate can be used to form a biocide by mixing with a hypochlorite oxidant.

In a preferred embodiment, there is provided a process for separating an amine compound or a conjugate acid thereof and a carbamate compound or a conjugate acid thereof from a mixture having the amine compound, the carbamate compound, carbon dioxide and at least one anionic contaminant salt using an anionic exchange column, the process including passing the mixture through the column to obtain a first effluent and passing through the column an extraction fluid to obtain a second effluent, where the extraction fluid most preferably includes carbonic acid.

In a preferred embodiment, there is provided a process for separating an amine compound or a conjugate acid thereof and a carbamate compound or a conjugate acid thereof from a mixture having the amine compound, the carbamate compound, carbon dioxide and at least one anionic contaminant salt using an anionic exchange column, the process including passing the mixture through the column to obtain a first effluent and passing through the column an extraction fluid to obtain a second effluent, where the extraction fluid most preferably includes carbonic acid.

Solutions formed from ammonium carbonate and/or bicarbonate and ammonium hydroxide are disclosed. An amount of ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate is added to water with mixing. Furthermore, an amount of ammonium hydroxide is added to the water with mixing. Optionally, and amount of sodium hydroxide is added to the water with mixing. The ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate, the ammonium hydroxide, and the optional sodium hydroxide may be added to the water in any order. The solutions are useful in a variety of applications including formation of biocides and synthesis of urea.

A process for reducing nitrogen oxides in an exhaust stream, such as a vehicle exhaust stream, and apparatus for carrying out the process. The process comprises providing a first composition comprising aqueous urea, a second composition comprising ammonium carbamate and an exhaust stream comprising nitrogen oxides. A process for producing the ammonium carbamate is also provided. The second composition may be introduced into the exhaust stream (10) when the exhaust stream has a temperature below a threshold temperature and the first composition may be introduced into the exhaust stream when the exhaust stream has a temperature at or above the threshold temperature.

A process for reducing nitrogen oxides in an exhaust stream, such as a vehicle exhaust stream, and apparatus for carrying out the process. The process comprises providing a first composition comprising aqueous urea, a second composition comprising ammonium carbamate and an exhaust stream comprising nitrogen oxides. A process for producing the ammonium carbamate is also provided. The second composition may be introduced into the exhaust stream (10) when the exhaust stream has a temperature below a threshold temperature and the first composition may be introduced into the exhaust stream when the exhaust stream has a temperature at or above the threshold temperature.

A method for quantifying the amount of ammonium bicarbonate in a solid sample of ammonium carbamate is provided. The method includes measuring the FT-IR spectrum of the sample, calculating the IR band maximum for a first band that is common to ammonium carbamate and ammonium bicarbonate and for a second band that is unique to ammonium carbamate, calculating a ratio of the maximum of the second band to the maximum of the first band, and calculating the concentration of ammonium bicarbonate in the sample from a calibration curve.