A gas sensor includes a sensor element having electrode pads, metal terminal members connected to the respective electrode pads, separators, and lead wires connected to the rear ends of the metal terminal members. Each metal terminal member has a forward locking portion and a rear locking portion provided at the forward and rear ends, respectively. The separator is composed of a forward separator and a rear separator connected to each other. The forward separator includes a first locking portion having a rearward-facing surface, and the rear separator includes a second locking portion having a forward-facing surface. The metal terminal member is held between the forward separator and the rear separator in a state in which the forward locking portion is in locking engagement with the rearward-facing surface and the rear locking portion is in locking engagement with the forward-facing surface.

Provided is a microwave plasma device, including: a hollow tube that is hollow and irradiated with a microwave; a swirl gas inlet that is located at a lower end portion of the hollow tube and injected with a swirl gas; an axial gas inlet that penetrates through the lower end portion of the hollow tube and injected with an axial gas; and a swirl gas barrier that is located inside the hollow tube, located near where the swirl gas is injected, and extends in a longitudinal direction of the hollow tube, in which a gap g is formed between the swirl gas barrier and the hollow tube, and plasma is generated inside the hollow tube and nitrogen oxide is generated inside the hollow tube.

The present invention relates to a process suitable for reducing ammonia loss and odor from organic material to the atmosphere. The process comprises feeding air to a plasma generator to produce a concentration of 0.1-12% by volume of NOx in the air by direct nitrogen fixation. Cooled air containing NOx from the plasma generator is fed to an absorption system comprising at least two absorption loops, wherein a first absorption liquid is circulating in the first absorption loop and a second absorption liquid is circulating in the second absorption loop. The air containing NOx is absorbed into the first absorption liquid to form an acidic solution comprising nitrates and nitrites. Off gases containing NO from the first absorption loop is fed to the second absorption loop, and the off gases containing NO are absorbed into the second absorption liquid having a lower pH.

Catalyst support systems for ammonia oxidation burners comprising a top flange and an inner wall. The top flange comprises a planar section, a rounded outer edge, and a rounded inner edge, the rounded outer edge and the rounded inner edge being separated by the planar section. The inner wall comprises a carrier plate, a gauze shelf, and a bottom plate shelf, the gauze shelf and the bottom plate shelf being attached to the carrier plate. The carrier plate is attached to the top flange by means of the rounded inner edge.

A method and apparatus for the manufacture of nitric oxide and/or nitrogen dioxide in which a plasma is formed from nitrogen and oxygen passed through gas inlets into a reaction chamber to create a vorticular flow in the reaction chamber. A source of microwave energy is used to energise the nitrogen and oxygen in a microwave transparent inner plasma containment

A device D accommodated in a reactor R and containing a gas- and/or liquid-permeable bottom B, in the peripheral region of which is arranged a lateral boundary W which completely surrounds the bottom B and forms a volume V which is partially or completely filled with catalytic and/or non-catalytic moldings, there optionally being located on the side facing the bottom B in the upstream direction at least one noble metal and/or non-noble metal fabric, wherein a thermal insulation layer S is located on at least part of the surface of the inner side of the lateral boundary W of the device D, the material for the thermal insulation layer S being selected from the group consisting of ceramic material, microporous material and silicate fibers.

A device D accommodated in a reactor R and containing a gas- and/or liquid-permeable bottom B, in the peripheral region of which is arranged a lateral boundary W which completely surrounds the bottom B and forms a volume V which is partially or completely filled with catalytic and/or non-catalytic moldings, there optionally being located on the side facing the bottom B in the upstream direction at least one noble metal and/or non-noble metal fabric, wherein a thermal insulation layer S is located on at least part of the surface of the inner side of the lateral boundary W of the device D, the material for the thermal insulation layer S being selected from the group consisting of ceramic material, microporous material and silicate fibers.

The present invention provides a low pressure generating plasma reactor closed loop process, comprising: feeding a fresh feed gas flow and a fresh feed absorption liquid flow to a plasma reactor closed loop comprising a condenser, a liquid loop, a recycle gas loop, and a plasma generator; converting feed gas to reactive plasma products in the plasma generator; quenching and absorbing the reactive plasma products into an absorption liquid circulating in the liquid loop where the reactive plasma products react to form liquid reaction products, thereby generating low pressure in the closed loop; monitoring the composition and low pressure of the recycle gas loop and, if the pressure increases, adjusting the composition of the fresh feed gas flow and/or fresh feed absorption liquid flow to bring the composition of the feed gas towards stoichiometric ratio with the absorbed reactive plasma products; extracting circulating absorption liquid, containing the liquid reaction products, from the plasma reactor closed loop as a product flow. The present invention also provides a low pressure generating plasma reactor closed loop system, comprising a plasma generator, a condenser, a recycle gas loop, a liquid loop, and a pump.

Systems and methods for generating nitric oxide are disclosed. A nitic oxide (NO) generation system includes at least one pair of electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing NO from a flow of a reactant gas; and a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide in the product gas produced by the at least one pair of electrodes by utilizing duty cycle values of plasma pulses selected from a plurality of discrete duty cycles to produce a target rate of NO production based on an average of discrete production rates associated with each of the plurality of discrete duty cycles.

Systems and methods for generating nitric oxide are disclosed. A nitic oxide (NO) generation system includes at least one pair of electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing NO from a flow of a reactant gas; and a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide in the product gas produced by the at least one pair of electrodes by utilizing duty cycle values of plasma pulses selected from a plurality of discrete duty cycles to produce a target rate of NO production based on an average of discrete production rates associated with each of the plurality of discrete duty cycles.