Dinitrogen tetroxide (N.sub.2O.sub.4) is synthesized in an apparatus by the reaction of concentrated nitric acid with copper. Oxygen is applied as a carrier gas to convert NO to NO.sub.2, and water vapor is removed with a tube dryer. A molecular sieve is applied to reduce and remove impurities.

A relay administration device 50 for use in connection to a nitric oxide administration device 20 which supplies NO generated from air, includes an NO densitometer 506, a flowmeter 507 or pressure gauge 504, a control unit 600 which calculates a dosage of NO to be administered to a patient based on an NO concentration measured by the NO densitometer 506 and a value of the flowmeter 507 or the pressure gauge 504, and a two-way valve 505 which is configured to increase a flow rate when the calculated dosage is less than a predetermined value and to decrease the flow rate when the calculated dosage is greater than a predetermined value.

Described herein is an improved conversion of nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O) present as a by-product in a chemical process to NO.sub.x which can be further converted to a useful compound or material, such as nitric acid.

Described herein is an improved conversion of nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O) present as a by-product in a chemical process to NO.sub.x which can be further converted to a useful compound or material, such as nitric acid.

Disclosed is an apparatus for conversion of ammonia into oxides of nitrogen which may comprise an adiabatic burner (108), a set of platinum/rhodium alloy catalytic gauzes (102A), (102B), and (102C), a waste heat recovery boiler (WHRB) (110), an absorption tower (302A), (302B), (302C), (302D) and (302E), a NaOH tank (306) and a surge tank (304). Further, the adiabatic burner may be configured to carry out catalytic oxidation of air and ammonia, using catalytic gauzes (102A), (102B), and (102C) of platinum/rhodium alloy. Further, the mixture of air and ammonia may be selectively oxidized to oxides of nitrogen, which may be absorbed in an alkali medium in the absorption tower (302A), (302B), (302C), (302D) and (302E), to yield sodium nitrites and nitrates.

Disclosed is an apparatus for conversion of ammonia into oxides of nitrogen which may comprise an adiabatic burner (108), a set of platinum/rhodium alloy catalytic gauzes (102A), (102B), and (102C), a waste heat recovery boiler (WHRB) (110), an absorption tower (302A), (302B), (302C), (302D) and (302E), a NaOH tank (306) and a surge tank (304). Further, the adiabatic burner may be configured to carry out catalytic oxidation of air and ammonia, using catalytic gauzes (102A), (102B), and (102C) of platinum/rhodium alloy. Further, the mixture of air and ammonia may be selectively oxidized to oxides of nitrogen, which may be absorbed in an alkali medium in the absorption tower (302A), (302B), (302C), (302D) and (302E), to yield sodium nitrites and nitrates.

Systems and methods of preventing an event occurrence or mitigating effects of an event occurrence in an industrial facility are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a first input is received from a first sensor and, based at least in part on the first input, an initial action is automatically generated. In response to the initial action, a second input is received from a second sensor and, based at least in part of the received first and second inputs, a likelihood of an event occurrence is determined. Based at least in part of the determined likelihood, a remedial action configured to prevent the occurrence of the event occurrence is automatically generated. In some embodiments, the remedial action is generated in real-time and can be directed to a process condition, environmental condition, or secondary source.

A novel concept for a high energy and material efficient nitric acid production process and system is provided, wherein the nitric acid production process and system, particularly integrated with an ammonia production process and system, is configured to recover a high amount of energy out of the ammonia that it is consuming, particularly in the form of electricity, while maintaining a high nitric acid recovery in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid. The energy recovery and electricity generation process comprises pressurizing a liquid gas, such as air, oxygen and/or N.sub.2, subsequently evaporating and heating the pressurized liquid gas, particularly using low grade waste heat generated in the production of nitric acid and/or ammonia, and subsequently expanding the evaporated pressurized liquid gas over a turbine. In particular, the generated electricity is at least partially used to power an electrolyzer to generate the hydrogen needed for the production of ammonia. The novel concepts set out in the present application are particularly useful in the production of nitric acid based on renewable energy sources.

A novel concept for a high energy and material efficient nitric acid production process and system is provided, wherein the nitric acid production process and system, particularly integrated with an ammonia production process and system, is configured to recover a high amount of energy out of the ammonia that it is consuming, particularly in the form of electricity, while maintaining a high nitric acid recovery in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid. The energy recovery and electricity generation process comprises pressurizing a liquid gas, such as air, oxygen and/or N.sub.2, subsequently evaporating and heating the pressurized liquid gas, particularly using low grade waste heat generated in the production of nitric acid and/or ammonia, and subsequently expanding the evaporated pressurized liquid gas over a turbine. In particular, the generated electricity is at least partially used to power an electrolyzer to generate the hydrogen needed for the production of ammonia. The novel concepts set out in the present application are particularly useful in the production of nitric acid based on renewable energy sources.

A method of using a burner-based exhaust replication system to generate exhaust that contains nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2). An example of such as system is a system used to test automotive exhaust aftertreatment devices. A fluid that decomposes to generate NO.sub.2 as one of its decomposition products is selected. The fluid is heated thereby generating NO.sub.2, with the amount and duration of heating is controlled to result in a desired decomposition extent of NO.sub.2 from the fluid. The fluid is then delivered to an exhaust stream of the system.