Methods of making a lithium mixed metal compound by reaction of starting materials are provided. The methods can include reacting and/or processed reacted starting materials to form the lithium mixed metal compound in the presence of a fluorine rich atmosphere or media.

Provided is a white pigment for cosmetics capable of giving a cosmetic having an excellent performance smoothly applicable onto the skin. A white pigment for cosmetics of the present invention includes a titanium phosphate powder, the titanium phosphate powder includes crystal particles of titanium phosphate, and the titanium phosphate powder has an average friction coefficient (MIU) of less than 1.45.

A method of forming a composition having exfoliated nanoplatelets functionalized with covalently bound surface-modifiers, includes exfoliating a layered nanoclay is exfoliated with a surfactant. The method also includes reacting the exfoliated layered nanoclay with a surface modifier comprising one or more of an epoxide, a silane, or an isocyanate.

Disclosed is a system for treating a surface of a multi-metal article. The system includes first and second and/or third conversion compositions for contacting at least a portion of the surface. The first conversion composition includes phosphate ions and zinc ions and is substantially free of fluoride. The second conversion composition includes a lanthanide series metal cation and an oxidizing agent. The third conversion composition includes an organophosphate compound, an organophosphonate compound, or combinations thereof that optionally may include at least one transition metal. Methods of treating a multi-metal article using the system also are disclosed. Also disclosed are substrates treated with the system and method.

The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ε-VOPO.sub.4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H.sub.2VOPO.sub.4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

A negative thermal expansion material made of zirconium phosphate tungstate containing an Al atom, and having a thermal expansion coefficient of −2.0×10.sup.−6 to −3.3×10.sup.−6/K. According to the present invention, a negative thermal expansion material made of zirconium phosphate tungstate having various thermal expansion coefficients, and an industrially advantageous manufacturing method thereof can be provided.

A zirconium phosphate represented by M1Zr.sub.2(M2PO.sub.4).sub.a(PO.sub.4).sub.b.nH.sub.2O (M1 and M2 are monovalent cations, and may be the same or different from each other; a and b are numbers satisfying 0.3<a≤1.8, 3.1≤(a+b)≤3.6, and 2a+3b=9; and n is a number satisfying 0≤n≤2.).

The titanium phosphate powder of the present invention includes plate-shaped crystalline particles of titanium phosphate, an average thickness of the plate-shaped crystalline particles is 0.01 μm or more and less than 0.10 μm, and an aspect ratio, which is a value obtained by dividing an average primary particle diameter of the plate-shaped crystalline particles by the average thickness, is 5 or more. In the method for producing a titanium phosphate powder of the present invention, a raw material containing titanium and phosphorus is caused to react by a hydrothermal synthesis method, and when the titanium phosphate powder including plate-shaped crystalline particles of titanium phosphate is produced, a mixture of titanium sulfate and phosphoric acid is used as the raw material.

A titanium phosphate powder suitable as a raw material for cosmetic products and a raw material for coating materials is provided. A titanium phosphate powder according to one aspect of the present invention is a titanium phosphate powder including plate-shaped crystal particles of titanium phosphate, in which a modified layer is present on a surface of the plate-shaped crystal particles.

Disclosed is a method of treating a substrate, comprising contacting at least a portion of the substrate surface with a first composition comprising a lanthanide source and an oxidizing agent. A substrate obtainable by the methods also is disclosed.