Disclosed herein are novel systems and methods for performing the following: decomposing water into hydrogen by using low-power consumption electrolysis, converting orthohydrogen into parahydrogen by using vibrational frequency, converting parahydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and mixing converted atomic hydrogen with combustible gas. The system uses a unique low-power hydrogen production cell to perform electrolysis on water. Hydrogen output from the production cell runs through coils under vibrational frequency to optimally convert orthohydrogen to parahydrogen. The system further comprises a magnetic reactor that is used to convert parahydrogen into atomic hydrogen, which is in turn mixed with combustible gas to create an eco-friendly fuel.

The invention concerns a heat exchanger having an exchange body having first passages for the flow of a first fluid and second passages for the flow of a second fluid exchanging heat with the first fluid, a first inlet manifold for introducing the first fluid into the first passages, a first outlet manifold for discharging the first fluid from the first passages). The heat exchanger also includes an inlet filter arranged facing the inlet surface of the exchange body, and/or an outlet filter arranged facing the outlet surface of the exchange body, the inlet filter and/or the outlet filter having a sheet metallic material selected from a metal gauze, a non-woven fabric of metallic fibres, a sintered metallic powder or sintered metallic fibres.

A cryogenic hydrogen storage system reduces hydrogen loss by providing an initial supply of hydrogen wherein the initial hydrogen has an initial para/ortho hydrogen ratio. The initial hydrogen having an initial para/ortho hydrogen ratio is adjusted to produce final hydrogen having a final para/ortho hydrogen ratio with a greater amount of ortho hydrogen, The cryogenic hydrogen storage system is refueled with the final hydrogen having a final para/ortho hydrogen ratio with a greater amount of ortho hydrogen.

A para-orthohydrogen conversion device comprises a vortex tube. The vortex tube may include an inlet disposed at a first end of the vortex tube, a catalyst disposed on the interior wall of the vortex tube, a first outlet comprising an opening on the perimeter of a second end of the vortex tube, a stopper disposed at the center of the second end of the vortex tube, and a second outlet disposed on the first end of the vortex tube. A method includes converting parahydrogen to orthohydrogen via the catalyst and rotational force as hydrogen gas moves through the vortex tube such that cooled parahydrogen-rich gas or liquid hydrogen accumulates near the center of the vortex tube.

Provided is a liquid hydrogen storage system including: a hydrogen storage tank coupled to a vessel hull and configured to store liquid hydrogen; a catalyst for conversion of para hydrogen in the liquid hydrogen into ortho hydrogen; and a catalyst holder disposed at an upper portion of the hydrogen storage tank and configured to hold the catalyst. A catalytic reaction to convert the para hydrogen into the ortho hydrogen occurs as the temperature of the upper portion of the hydrogen storage tank increases.

A para-orthohydrogen conversion device comprises a vortex tube. The vortex tube may include an inlet disposed at a first end of the vortex tube, a catalyst disposed on the interior wall of the vortex tube, a first outlet comprising an opening on the perimeter of a second end of the vortex tube, a stopper disposed at the center of the second end of the vortex tube, and a second outlet disposed on the first end of the vortex tube. A method includes converting parahydrogen to orthohydrogen via the catalyst and rotational force as hydrogen gas moves through the vortex tube such that cooled parahydrogen-rich gas or liquid hydrogen accumulates near the center of the vortex tube.

A method for making a high activity ortho-para hydrogen conversion catalyst is set forth wherein a solution of ruthenium cation is mixed with a solution of a poorly coordinating anion such as aluminate to form a precipitate and the precipitate-containing solution is adjusted to a pH of 7 before recovering the catalyst. A product of this process and a method of using such product is disclosed.

Disclosed are a modified catalyst for converting ortho-hydrogen to para-hydrogen, in which a metal active material capable of converting ortho-hydrogen to para-hydrogen is coated on a surface of a porous support, a method for preparing the same, and an apparatus and a method for converting ortho-hydrogen to para-hydrogen in hydrogen gas using the same. Accordingly, a pressure drop may be prevented and impurities in hydrogen gas may also be simultaneously removed when ortho-hydrogen is converted to para-hydrogen, and a stable reaction operation may be enabled.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus for precooling and purifying hydrogen including a body which includes a first chamber and a second chamber disposed in the first chamber with the second chamber being filled with a liquid cooling medium, a first cyclone chamber disposed in the second chamber and connected to a hydrogen supply pipe on an upper of one side thereof to allow the hydrogen which flows therein to move downward rotating to perform thermal exchange with the cooling medium and separation of impurities therefrom, a first hydrogen discharge pipe to allow hydrogen to flow from the first cyclone chamber to the outside, and an ortho-para hydrogen converting catalyst disposed on a path through which hydrogen which flows in the first hydrogen discharge pipe moves to allow ortho-para hydrogen conversion to be performed.

The present embodiments include systems and methods for converting ortho hydrogen to para hydrogen using, for example, a heat exchange wall that may be coated with a catalyst material.