Improvements to the gasifier furnace design and process method to facilitate continuous production of mainly H.sub.2, CO and granulated solid from molten liquid or the liquid slag in the presence of carbonaceous material. It is a method of quenching molten liquid and cooling post quenched hot granulated solid which is done within a long horizontal reaction chamber space of the furnace in the presence of C and H.sub.2O. A moving layer of continuously gas cooled granulated solid protects the moving floor underneath by substantially reducing the possibility of heat transfer from the horizontal reaction chamber to such moving floor and its parts and preventing direct contact between the post quenched hot solid granulates and such moving floor. Such moving floor having plurality of gas passages and is disposed above a plenum that receives gas from outside source and uniformly distributes the gas to pass through all the gas passages.

The present invention provides a system and method for producing high-purity vanadium pentoxide powder. Industrial grade vanadium pentoxide is converted to vanadium oxytrichloride by low temperature fluidizing chlorination, wherein chlorinating gas is preheated via heat exchange between fluidizing gas and chlorination flue gas, and an appropriate amount of air is added to enable a part of carbon powder to combust so as to achieve a balanced heat supply during the chlorination, thereby increasing the efficiency of chlorination and ensuring good selectivity in low temperature chlorination. The vanadium oxytrichloride is purified by rectification, and then subjected to fluidized gas phase hydrolyzation and fluidized calcination, thereby producing a high-purity vanadium pentoxide product and a by-product of hydrochloric acid solution. The system and method have advantages of favorable adaptability to raw material, no discharge of contaminated wastewater, low energy consumption in production, low operation cost, stable product quality, etc.

The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.

Systems and methods for sequestering carbon, evolving hydrogen gas, producing iron oxide as magnetite, and producing magnesium carbonate as magnesite through sequential carbonation and serpentinization/hydration reactions involving processed olivine- and/or pyroxene-rich ores, as typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rock. Precious or scarce metals, such nickel, cobalt, chromium, rare earth elements, and others, may be concentrated in the remaining ore to facilitate their recovery from any gangue material.

A gas permeable layer capable of supplying hydrogen includes a thin layer, encapsulating a hydrogen production formula. An outer side of the thin layer is airtight. An inner side is air-permeable. An inner side surface has a plurality of small holes. The thin layer can be a single layer or a composite layer. The hydrogen production formula does not dissipate. The hydrogen production formula absorbs moisture in the air or liquid water, thereby generating hydrogen. The hydrogen is released onto the skin and into the human body through the small holes. The hydrogen production formula includes metal peroxides, metal hydroxides, or metal hydrides and aluminum powder, or microsilica. The gas permeable layer can be used in sanitary products including eye masks, mouth masks, face masks, cosmetic facial masks, bras, pasties, nursing pads, sanitary napkins (towels), diapers, panty liners, wound dressing, woundplasts, bandage gauze, decubitus pads.

Disclosed are apparatuses, systems, methods, and devices for generating high-pressure gas such as hydrogen and oxygen. In one aspect, an apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor which includes a pressure vessel containing a metal compound configured to react with a liquid to generate the high-pressure gas when the liquid is available in the vessel. The reactor includes an outlet configured to pass the generated high-pressure gas out of the vessel. The apparatus also includes a receiver configured to store the generated high-pressure gas generated in the vessel and passed to a receiver via the outlet or passed directly to fuel cell or vehicle tank.

The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.

The disclosure relates to a method for producing hydrogen gas and/or magnetite comprising the steps of reacting a wüstite-containing material, such as steel slags, with H.sub.2O at a temperature ranging from 150° C. to 500° C., cooling down the gaseous reaction product to separate hydrogen gas from water steam and collecting hydrogen gas, and recovering magnetite from the solid reaction product.

A light absorbing member includes a ceramic composite having a plurality of first ceramic particles exhibiting positive resistance temperature characteristics in a first ceramics having an open porosity of 5% or lower.

A chemical looping process for the production of hydrogen and the co-production of carbon dioxide comprising: a first redox loop that comprises: feeding of a first solid oxygen carrier to a first reaction zone (R1) in which a first carbonaceous fuel is also fed, which reacts with the first solid oxygen carrier fed at its maximum oxidising state (fully-oxidised form), leading to the formation of the combustion products carbon dioxide and water and the solid oxygen carrier at a lower oxidising state (reduced form); and feeding of the first solid oxygen carrier in reduced form to a second reaction zone (R2) into which air is also fed, obtaining, from the oxidation of the first solid oxygen carrier, heat and the solid oxygen carrier in fully-oxidised form to be recycled to the first reaction zone (R1); and a second redox loop that comprises: feeding of a second solid oxygen carrier to a third reaction zone (R3) in which a second carbonaceous fuel is also fed, which reacts with the second solid oxygen carrier fed at its an intermediate oxidising state (oxidised form), leading to the formation of the combustion products carbon dioxide and water and the solid oxygen carrier at a lower oxidising state (reduced form); and feeding of the second solid oxygen carrier in reduced form to a fourth reaction zone (R4) into which steam is also fed, which reacts with the reduced form of the solid oxygen carrier, producing hydrogen and the solid oxygen carrier at an intermediate oxidising state (oxidised form) to be recycled to the third reaction zone (R3) and/or the first reaction zone (R1), wherein the first reaction zone (R1) and the third reaction zone (R3) are interconnected allowing transfer of at least a portion of the first solid oxygen carrier from the first reaction zone (R1) to the third reaction zone (R3).