The present invention relates to systems incorporating, and uses of, hydrothermally dehydrated carbonaceous products, particularly from waste sources, that when activated provide for effective filters in water streams. The activated particles have high microporosity and provide an improved and affordable approach to decontamination of water sources. The invention further includes preparation of such systems, including steps of hydrothermal dehydration, optional carbonization, and physical activation.

The present invention discloses a lignin-based hierarchical porous carbon with high specific surface area and preparation method and application thereof. The present invention employs maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, and hypophosphorous acid to modify a lignin, then performs a cross-linking reaction with a glutaraldehyde-triethanolamine condensate to prepare a lignin graft-copolymerized by phosphino carboxylic acid copolymer, and then dropwise adding a soluble calcium salt solution and a soluble carbonate solution into the lignin graft-copolymerized by phosphino carboxylic acid copolymer dispersion successively, co-precipitates to prepare a lignin/nano CaCO.sub.3 complex, finally obtains a lignin-based hierarchical porous carbon with high specific surface area through carbonizing at a high temperature. The preparation method of the present invention may enable nano CaCO.sub.3 to be uniformly and stably dispersed in a three-dimensional network structure of the lignin graft-copolymerized by phosphino carboxylic acid copolymer, realizing full and uniform complexation of the lignin with nano CaCO.sub.3.

The present invention discloses a lignin-based hierarchical porous carbon with high specific surface area and preparation method and application thereof. The present invention employs maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, and hypophosphorous acid to modify a lignin, then performs a cross-linking reaction with a glutaraldehyde-triethanolamine condensate to prepare a lignin graft-copolymerized by phosphino carboxylic acid copolymer, and then dropwise adding a soluble calcium salt solution and a soluble carbonate solution into the lignin graft-copolymerized by phosphino carboxylic acid copolymer dispersion successively, co-precipitates to prepare a lignin/nano CaCO.sub.3 complex, finally obtains a lignin-based hierarchical porous carbon with high specific surface area through carbonizing at a high temperature. The preparation method of the present invention may enable nano CaCO.sub.3 to be uniformly and stably dispersed in a three-dimensional network structure of the lignin graft-copolymerized by phosphino carboxylic acid copolymer, realizing full and uniform complexation of the lignin with nano CaCO.sub.3.

The proposed method relates to the processing of carbon-containing raw material and may be used to obtain products containing amorphous silica and amorphous carbon of varying degrees of purity. The technical result consists in simplifying the production of a product containing amorphous silica and increasing the yield efficiency for such a product by decreasing the temperature to which the carbon-containing raw material is exposed. The method of producing a product containing amorphous silica and amorphous carbon includes the steps in which a carbon-containing raw material is dried at a temperature of 150-200° C. and the dried raw material is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 400-600° C., wherein the heat treatment is performed in the presence of an activator made of a readily fusible alloy. A device for carrying out the method is also proposed.

A nitrogen-doped porous carbon material and a preparation method and an application thereof; wherein the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material has a specific surface area of 1600-3500 m.sup.2.Math.g.sup.−1, mesopores with a pore size of 2-50 nm account for 20-40% of all pores, an average pore size is 2-20 nm, and a mass fraction of nitrogen atoms in the porous carbon material is 13.6-19.3 wt %. When being used as a supercapacitor material, the porous carbon material has a larger specific capacitance and a better capacitance retention rate. At a current density of 0.1 A.Math.g.sup.−1, the porous carbon material has a specific capacitance of about 847 F.Math.g.sup.−1. After 5000 cycles of charging and discharging, the capacitance retention rate is about 99.7%. Moreover, the porous carbon material features an excellent pore structure distribution, thus providing good CO.sub.2 adsorption performance.

A nitrogen-doped porous carbon material and a preparation method and an application thereof; wherein the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material has a specific surface area of 1600-3500 m.sup.2.Math.g.sup.−1, mesopores with a pore size of 2-50 nm account for 20-40% of all pores, an average pore size is 2-20 nm, and a mass fraction of nitrogen atoms in the porous carbon material is 13.6-19.3 wt %. When being used as a supercapacitor material, the porous carbon material has a larger specific capacitance and a better capacitance retention rate. At a current density of 0.1 A.Math.g.sup.−1, the porous carbon material has a specific capacitance of about 847 F.Math.g.sup.−1. After 5000 cycles of charging and discharging, the capacitance retention rate is about 99.7%. Moreover, the porous carbon material features an excellent pore structure distribution, thus providing good CO.sub.2 adsorption performance.

A method of making solid acid catalysts includes the step of sulfonating waste tire pieces in a first sulfonation step. The sulfonated waste tire pieces are pyrolyzed to produce carbon composite pieces having a pore size less than 10 nm. The carbon composite pieces are then ground to produce carbon composite powders having a size less than 50 μm. The carbon composite particles are sulfonated in a second sulfonation step to produce sulfonated solid acid catalysts. A method of making biofuels and solid acid catalysts are also disclosed.

Provided is a granular activated carbon that can be used for applications similar to wood-based steam-activated carbons; and also provided is a method for manufacturing the same. The granular activated carbon is obtained in the following manner. An activated carbon raw material is carbonized, and then pulverized. The pulverized product is then mixed with a calcium component, and the mixture is molded. Subsequently, the molded product is carbonized and activated, followed by washing.

A process for producing an adsorbent comprising activated carbon, wherein the process comprises a molding step of molding an adsorbent through a plurality of stages, and wherein the molding step comprises molding in a final stage performed by tableting.

Provided are methods, systems, and compositions for producing activated carbon from lignin residues produced from cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass after hydrolysis of saccharides. The activated carbon is low in ash and sulfur, high in oxygen content and iodine number.