A composition suitable for chemical mechanical polishing a substrate can comprise abrasive particles, a multi-valent metal borate, at least one oxidizer and a solvent. The composition can polish a substrate with a high material removal rate and a very smooth surface finish.

A fluid composition suitable for chemical mechanical polishing a substrate can in include a multi-valent metal borate, at least one oxidizer, and a solvent. The fluid composition can be essentially free of abrasive particles and may achieve a high material removal rate and excellent surface finish.

A composition suitable for chemical mechanical polishing a substrate can comprise abrasive particles, a multi-valent metal borate, at least one oxidizer and a solvent. The composition can polish a substrate with a high material removal rate and a very smooth surface finish.

A compound strontium fluoroborate, nonlinear optical crystal of strontium fluoroborate, preparation method thereof; the chemical formula of the compound is SrB5O7F3, its molecular weight is 310.67, and it is prepared by solid-state reaction; the chemical formula of the crystal is SrB5O7F3, its molecular weight is 310.67, the crystal is of the orthorhombic series, the space group is Ccm21, and the crystal cell parameters are=10.016(6) , b=8.654(6)(4) , c=8.103(5) , Z=4, and V=702.4(8) 3. A SrB5O7F3 nonlinear optical crystal has uses in the preparation of a harmonic light output when doubling, tripling, quadrupling, quintupling, or sextupling the frequency of a 1064-nm fundamental-frequency light outputted by a Nd:YAG laser, or the generation of a deep-ultraviolet frequency doubling light output lower than 200 nm, or in the preparation of a frequency multiplier, upper or lower frequency converter, or an optical parametric oscillator.

A compound M.sub.jX.sub.p which is particularly suitable for use in a battery prepared by the complexometric precursor formulation methodology wherein: M.sub.j is at least one positive ion selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals and j is an integer representing the moles of said positive ion per moles of said M.sub.jX.sub.p; and X.sub.p, a negative anion or polyanion from Groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA and VIIA and may be one or more anion or polyanion and p is an integer representing the moles of said negative ion per moles of said M.sub.jX.sub.p.

Provided in the present disclosure are a cobalt-free high-nickel positive electrode material, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. The cobalt-free high-nickel positive electrode material comprises a cobalt-free high-nickel matrix material and a coating layer coated on the cobalt-free high-nickel matrix material, wherein a chemical formula of the cobalt-free high-nickel matrix material is Li.sub.mNi.sub.xMn.sub.yO.sub.2, where 0.2?m?0.8, 0.4?x?0.95, and 0.05?y?0.6; and the coating layer is TiB.sub.zO.sub.1-z, where 0.2?z?0.8. The cobalt-free high-nickel positive electrode material obtained by means of modification using the coating layer TiB.sub.zO.sub.1-z has good acid resistance and wear resistance, high mechanical strength and excellent conductivity; and when the cobalt-free high-nickel positive electrode material is used for a lithium ion battery, the high-temperature cycling performance, capacity and initial efficiency of the lithium ion battery are greatly improved.

The present invention relates to an electrode material of formula LiMn.sub.xCo.sub.1-xBO.sub.3, where 0<<1, and to a method of preparing the same comprising independently preparing a manganese borate and a cobalt borate and then simultaneously thermally treating them under an inert atmosphere, in the presence of a precursor of lithium and of boric acid.

A copper oxide synthesis via the use of cuprous and borate ions is disclosed. A cuprous compound reacts with sodium borate to form a cuprous borate precipitate. Oxidizing a cuprous borate with an oxygen enhanced flame synthesizes copper oxide. The cuprous borate may be reduced to nanoparticle size via pulverization to produce copper oxide nanoparticles.

A particulate nanocomposite material comprising, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD): elemental carbon (C); elemental nickel (Ni) in a cubic crystalline phase; a cubic nickel oxide (NiO) crystalline phase; an orthorhombic calcium borate (CaB.sub.2O.sub.4) crystalline phase; and, a magnesium borate (MgB.sub.2O.sub.4) crystalline phase. The particulate nanocomposite material is characterized in that, based on the total number of atoms in the nanocomposite material: the atomic concentration of carbon is from about 1 atomic percent (at. %) to about 10 at. %; the atomic concentration of nickel is from about 1 at. % to about 10 at. %; the atomic concentration of boron (B) is from about 1 at. % to about 10 at. %; the atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) is from about 5 at. % to about 15 at. %; and, the atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) is from about 1 at. % to about 10 at. %.

The subject matter described herein includes a method of separating a mixture of trivalent rare-earth elements, based on their reduction potential, and solubility in a divalent state. The method includes adding the mixture of trivalent rare-earth elements to a tetraborate salt with deionized water to form a salt mixture, grinding the salt mixture with boric acid to form a solid mixture, wetting the solid mixture with water to form a paste, heating the paste to form a resultant product, dissolving the resultant product, thereby creating a residual solid in aqueous solution, wherein the residual solid includes a second mixture of trivalent rare-earth elements, and the aqueous solution includes a substantially singular element of a divalent rare-earth element in an aqueous state, and removing the residual solid, thereby separating the divalent rare-earth element from the mixture of trivalent rare-earth elements.