An oriented apatite-type oxide ion conductor includes a composite oxide expressed as A.sub.9.33+x[T.sub.6.00−yM.sub.y]O.sub.26.0+z, where A represents one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, T represents an element including Si or Ge or both, and M represents one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Ge, Zn, Sn, W, and Mo, and where x is from −1.00 to 1.00, y is from 0.40 to less than 1.00, and z is from −3.00 to 2.00.

A mineralizer composition for Pidgeon silicothermic process for smelting magnesium consists of fluorite and a boron-containing compound. Amounts of the fluorite and the boron-containing compound meet the following equation:

M.sub.fluo-original=(1−x)M.sub.fluo+(m)(x)M.sub.B,

where, M.sub.fluo-original is a mass of the fluorite required in a conventional Pidgeon silicothermic process in which no boron-containing compound is introduced to replace a fraction or all of the total fluorite, M.sub.fluo is a mass of the fluorite in the composition, M.sub.B is a mass of the boron-containing compound in the composition, 0.5≤x≤1, and 2≤m≤8. A Pidgeon silicothermic process for smelting magnesium is also provided, which employs the mineralizer composition. The composition and process of the disclosure enable reduction and even avoidance of dust pollution caused by fluorite-containing magnesium slag.

The present disclosure discloses an ABO.sub.3 type high-entropy perovskite Ba.sub.x(FeCoNiZrY).sub.0.2O.sub.3-δ electrocatalytic material and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of electrocatalytic materials. The electrocatalytic material is prepared by taking hydrated cobalt nitrate, hydrated ferric nitrate, hydrated nickel nitrate, barium nitrate, hydrated yttrium nitrate, hydrated zirconium nitrate and polyacrylonitrile staple fibers as raw materials through processes of liquid phase chelation, gelation, calcination, etc. The prepared high-entropy perovskite Ba.sub.x(FeCoNiZrY).sub.0.2O.sub.3-δ electrocatalytic material can release more electrochemical active sites due to its special nanostructure, thus showing better electrocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, by adjusting the stoichiometric ratio of A/B-site metals, the electronic structure change of five metals in a catalytic center and the change of an oxygen vacancy content are realized, and the purpose of adjusting and optimizing the nitrogen reduction performance is achieved, so that the electrocatalytic material has excellent electrocatalytic conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia gas.

A method includes forming a solution comprising a solvent and at least two elements selected from: scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), one or more lanthanides, and one or more actinides. The method includes adding an effective amount of at least one polyoxometalate for forming complexes with at least one of the elements and adding an effective amount of a cation for causing precipitation of at least some of the complexes of one of the elements. Substantially all of another of the elements remains in solution during the precipitation of the at least some of the complexes of the one of the elements. A kit includes a polyoxometalate, a cation, and instructions for adding effective amounts of the polyoxometalate and the cation for separating at least two elements selected from the group consisting of: scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), one or more lanthanides, and one or more actinides via a precipitation reaction.

The removal of acid gases (e.g., non-carbon dioxide acid gases) using sorbents that include salts in molten form, and related systems and methods, are generally described.

The removal of acid gases (e.g., non-carbon dioxide acid gases) using sorbents that include salts in molten form, and related systems and methods, are generally described.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

The invention discloses use of a uranium-containing compound as a scintillator. The uranium-containing compound is a uranium-containing organic-inorganic hybrid compound or a uranium-containing inorganic compound. The uranium-containing organic-inorganic hybrid compound is a uranium-containing organic carboxylate or a uranium-containing organophosphate. The uranium-containing inorganic compound is a uranium-containing non-metallate, a uranium-containing metal salt, or a uranium-containing halide. The invention discloses the uranium-containing organic-inorganic compound or the uranium-containing inorganic compound having intrinsic scintillating ability, and provides a new concept and method for the development of (organic-inorganic, inorganic) scintillators of various chemical compositions and configurations with the uranium element.

Methods of using sorbents to enhance the production of hydrogen from fuel, and related systems, are generally described. In some embodiments, the production of hydrogen from the fuel involves a reforming reaction and/or a gasification reaction combined with a water-gas shift reaction.

The removal of acid gases (e.g., non-carbon dioxide acid gases) using sorbents that include salts in molten form, and related systems and methods, are generally described.