Various embodiments disclosed related to hydrogen-generating compositions for a fuel cell. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a hydrogen-generating composition comprising a hydride and a Lewis acid. Various embodiments provide methods of using a hydrogen fuel cell including generating hydrogen gas using the composition, fuel cell systems including the composition, and methods of making the composition.

Set forth herein are A(LiBH.sub.4)(1−A)(P.sub.2S.sub.5) wherein 0.05<A≤0.95 compositions that are suitable for use as solid state bonding layer in lithium electrochemical devices. Also set forth herein are novel and inventive methods of making the A(LiBH.sub.4)(1−A) (P.sub.2S.sub.5) compositions while utilizing scalable and commercial methods. Similarly, disclosed herein are novel electrochemical devices which incorporate these and other composite A(LiBH.sub.4)(1−A)(P.sub.2S.sub.5) compositions or materials.

A composition for a calcium battery electrolyte includes a calcium salt containing at least a calcium atom, a boron atom, and a hydrogen atom and having a cage structure.

The present disclosure relates to a sulfidated nanoscale zero valent iron particle, as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the sulfidated nZVI particle includes the following steps: 1) ferrous salt is reacted with NaBH4 to prepare nZVI particles; and 2) mixing the nZVI particles with the elemental sulfur powder to prepare the iron sulfides layer-coated nZVI particles. The present disclosure uses elemental sulfur powder as a sulfur source for coating the nZVI particles. The reaction conditions are mild, easy to operate, and the production cost is low. Thus, the technical solution of the present disclosure is convenient for large-scale production, and the prepared sulfidated nZVI particles have high selectivity and reductive transformation capacity for target contaminants, and thus can be used in large-scale remediation of contaminated groundwater or soil.

Provided are methods of producing cobalt-based nanoparticles (Co.sub.xB.sub.y NPs) of a pre-selected diameter. The methods include reducing Co.sup.2+ ions with a sodium borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) solution having a selected ratio of tetrahydroxyborate (B(OH).sub.4.sup.) to tetrahydroborate (BH.sub.4.sup.) based on the pre-selected diameter, where the ratio of B(OH).sub.4.sup. to BH.sub.4.sup. is positively correlated with the pre-selected diameter. Also provided are methods of using the Co.sub.xB.sub.y NPs to produce hollow metal nanospheres (HMNs). Methods of producing Co.sub.xB.sub.y NP core/metal shell structures are also provided, such methods including combining in an anaerobic galvanic exchange reaction a deaerated solution including Co.sub.xB.sub.y NP scaffolds and a deaerated solution including a metal. Also provided are methods of producing HMNs from the Co.sub.xB.sub.y NP core/metal shell structures. Compositions and kits that find use in practicing the methods of the present disclosure and using HMNs produced in accordance with the methods of the present disclosure, are also provided.