Methods and systems for producing lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate are described. One or more embodiments involve reacting potassium hydroxide with lithium chloride or lithium nitrate to create a reciprocal salt system, and precipitation to form lithium hydroxide and potassium chloride crystals, potassium nitrate crystals, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, lithium chloride feedstock, nitrate feedstock, or mixture thereof, is obtained by reacting lithium sulfate with calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, or combination thereof. Additional embodiments include producing lithium carbonate, including, but not limited to, by reacting lithium hydroxide with carbon dioxide.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods useful in capture of one more moieties (e.g., carbon dioxide) from a gas stream (i.e., direct air capture). In various embodiments, the systems and methods can utilize at least a scrubbing unit, a regeneration unit, and an electrolysis unit whereby an alkali solution can be used to strip the moiety (e.g., carbon dioxide) from the gas stream, the removed moiety can be regenerated and optionally purified for capture or other use, and a formed salt can be subjected to electrolysis to recycle the alkali solution back to the scrubber for re-use with simultaneous production of one or more further chemicals.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a redox flow battery (RFB) may include a shell, an electrolyte storage tank assembly disposed in the shell, wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte storage tank assembly is supported by the shell, an electrochemical cell, and an electrolyte circulation system configured for fluid communication between the electrolyte storage tank assembly and the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrolyte storage tank assembly defines a tank assembly heat transfer system between an outer surface of the electrolyte storage tank assembly and an inner surface of the shell. In other embodiments, a pump assembly in the electrolyte circulation system is moveable between a first position and a second position. In other embodiments, a gas management system includes a first gas exchange device in fluid communication with the catholyte headspace and the anolyte.

A hydrogen chloride loop fuel reaction is designed and configured for turbine/generator combination which can be used for automotive propulsion or as a standalone electrical generation or for auxiliary equipment. A method for providing a hydrogen chloride loop fuel reaction includes creating hydrogen chloride fuel in a sealed furnace vessel, wherein at start up, the sealed furnace vessel is vacuumed out and hydrogen and chlorine are injected into a burner and ignited resulting in the hydrogen chloride fuel in an exhaust stream of the sealed furnace vessel; and looping the hydrogen chloride fuel leaving the sealed furnace vessel in the exhaust stream of the sealed furnace vessel.

The present invention provides a method for producing high-purity hydrogen chloride, comprising the steps of: purifying each of crude hydrogen and crude chlorine as raw materials to a purity of 99.999% or higher; reacting an excessive molar amount of the purified hydrogen with the purified chlorine at a temperature ranging from 1,200° C. to 1,400° C. to synthesize hydrogen chloride; converting the hydrogen chloride to a liquid state by compression; and purifying the hydrogen chloride and separating unreacted hydrogen by fractional distillation. The invention also provides a system for carrying out the method. According to the method and system, an environmentally friendly production process can be provided, which can easily produce a large amount of hydrogen chloride having a purity of 3 N (99.9%)−6 N (99.9999%) in a cost-effective manner and enables energy consumption to be significantly reduced.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods useful in capture of one more moieties (e.g., carbon dioxide) from a gas stream (i.e., direct air capture). In various embodiments, the systems and methods can utilize at least a scrubbing unit, a regeneration unit, and an electrolysis unit whereby an alkali solution can be used to strip the moiety (e.g., carbon dioxide) from the gas stream, the removed moiety can be regenerated and optionally purified for capture or other use, and a formed salt can be subjected to electrolysis to recycle the alkali solution back to the scrubber for re-use with simultaneous production of one or more further chemicals.

A method by which an environmental energy (e.g., wave energy) is harvested, converted into electrical power, and thereafter used to electrolyze seawater into hydrogen and chlorine gases. Those gases are recombined into hydrogen chloride from which is formed hydrochloric acid solution which is diluted and deposited at a depth sufficient to ensure its neutralization and sequestration for a significant period of time (e.g., for over a millennium). By removing chloride ions from a portion of the sea adjacent to its upper surface and depositing them into a portion of the sea more adjacent to its bottom, acidity is shifted from the surface to base of the sea, and the surface ocean is given a greater ability to absorb and buffer atmospheric carbon dioxide without a corresponding increase in acidity.

Methods and systems for producing lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate are described. One or more embodiments involve reacting potassium hydroxide with lithium chloride or lithium nitrate to create a reciprocal salt system, and precipitation to form lithium hydroxide and potassium chloride crystals, potassium nitrate crystals, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, lithium chloride feedstock, nitrate feedstock, or mixture thereof, is obtained by reacting lithium sulfate with calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, or combination thereof. Additional embodiments include producing lithium carbonate, including, but not limited to, by reacting lithium hydroxide with carbon dioxide.

Methods and composition are provided for deriving cement and/or supplementary cementitious materials, such as pozzolans, from one or more non-limestone materials, such as one or more non-limestone rocks and/or minerals. The non-limestone materials, e.g., non-limestone rocks and/or minerals, are processed in a manner that a desired product, e.g., cement and/or supplementary cementitious material, is produced.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a redox flow battery (RFB) may include a shell, an electrolyte storage tank assembly disposed in the shell, wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte storage tank assembly is supported by the shell, an electrochemical cell, and an electrolyte circulation system configured for fluid communication between the electrolyte storage tank assembly and the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrolyte storage tank assembly defines a tank assembly heat transfer system between an outer surface of the electrolyte storage tank assembly and an inner surface of the shell. In other embodiments, a pump assembly in the electrolyte circulation system is moveable between a first position and a second position. In other embodiments, a gas management system includes a first gas exchange device in fluid communication with the catholyte headspace and the anolyte.