A process for producing a NOx reductant AUS 32 solution (diesel exhaust fluid), including at least the mixing of water and a particulate composition including (i) urea and an additive comprising component (ii). The additive component is a combination of at least one polymer or oligomer containing amino groups and at least one functionalized polyvinyl compound, wherein the proportion by weight of component (i) in the particulate composition is >60% by weight and the proportion by weight of component (ii) in the particulate composition is <1% by weight and wherein a urea solution is obtained and the proportion by weight of component (i) in the urea solution obtained is between 31% by weight and 34% by weight.

A slope ?.sup.t1.sub.HC in a linear area of sensor output characteristics for a mixed atmosphere of CO and THC and a slope ?.sup.t1.sub.NH in the linear area of the sensor output characteristics for NH.sub.3 are specified in advance at a time when a time t1 has elapsed since a start of use of an engine. In performing calibration of an NH.sub.3 sensor when a time t2 (greater than the time t1) has elapsed, a slope ?.sup.t2.sub.HC in the linear area of the sensor output characteristics for the mixed atmosphere is specified, a value ?.sup.t2.sub.NH is calculated from an equation ?.sup.t2.sub.NH=?.sup.t2.sub.HC/(?.sup.t1.sub.HC/?.sup.t1.sub.NH), and the calculated value ?.sup.t2.sub.NH is determined as a new slope in the linear area of the sensor output characteristics for an NH.sub.3 gas.

The present disclosure is directed at a dosing method and apparatus for treatment of reductant urea solutions with water soluble organometallic catalyst precursors which convert to active catalyst compounds in diesel exhaust gas systems. The active catalysts then promote hydrolysis of isocyanic acid into ammonia and/or decomposition of relatively high molecular weight deposits which deposits may otherwise reduce selective catalytic reduction efficiency.

The present disclosure is directed at a dosing method and apparatus for treatment of reductant urea solutions with water soluble organometallic catalyst precursors which convert to active catalyst compounds in diesel exhaust gas systems. The active catalysts then promote hydrolysis of isocyanic acid into ammonia and/or decomposition of relatively high molecular weight deposits which deposits may otherwise reduce selective catalytic reduction efficiency.

Systems and methods for producing ammonia are described. In one embodiment, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are dissolved in a solution. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor and autotrophic diazotroph bacteria are also placed in the solution.

Systems and methods for producing ammonia are described. In one embodiment, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are dissolved in a solution. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor and autotrophic diazotroph bacteria are also placed in the solution.

A method for binding hazardous agricultural ammonia using organic carbon dioxide reduces ammonia emissions from farming operations producing livestock, such as cows, pigs, and poultry. The method entraps a quantity of agricultural ammonia within an ammonia solution by reacting the quantity of agricultural ammonia with a quantity of organic carbon dioxide within a primary reaction vessel. The quantity of agricultural ammonia is mixed with a quantity of organic carbon dioxide to form an ammonia-bound solution. The ammonia-bound solution is able to be stored or transported for use in future chemical processes.

An ammonia generation apparatus is disposed in a stage after a urea water injection unit. The ammonia generation apparatus includes a main body which has an introduction opening for introducing exhaust gas, a discharge opening for discharging the exhaust gas, a first flow passage and a second flow passage which communicate with the introduction opening and the discharge opening and which are separated from each other. The ammonia generation apparatus includes a heating unit disposed in the first flow passage, and a first changeover section which is disposed on one side of the main body where the introduction opening is provided and which can switch the exhaust gas flow passage between the first flow passage and the second flow passage.

The present disclosure is directed at treatment of reductant urea solutions with water soluble organometallic catalyst precursors which convert to active catalyst compounds in diesel exhaust gas systems. The active catalysts then promote hydrolysis of isocyanic acid into ammonia and/or decomposition of relatively high molecular weight deposits which deposits may otherwise reduce selective catalytic reduction efficiency.

The present disclosure is directed at treatment of reductant urea solutions with water soluble organometallic catalyst precursors which convert to active catalyst compounds in diesel exhaust gas systems. The active catalysts then promote hydrolysis of isocyanic acid into ammonia and/or decomposition of relatively high molecular weight deposits which deposits may otherwise reduce selective catalytic reduction efficiency.