Systems and methods for integrated glycerol carbonate and/or urea production. This disclosure pertains to development of a process for production of glycerol carbonate and/or urea from ammonia, carbon dioxide and glycerol. The process integrates glycerol carbonate production into a urea production process. The urea produced in the production facility may be used to produce glycerol carbonate by reacting urea with glycerol. The ammonia generated by glycerol carbonate production may be recycled back to urea production. Unreacted urea from the glycerol carbonate production may be separated and recycled to the urea product stream. The systems and methods can reduce the cost for urea production and increase product value of the excessive glycerol produced from other chemical plants.

Systems and methods for producing ammonia are described. In one embodiment, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are dissolved in a solution. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor and autotrophic diazotroph bacteria are also placed in the solution.

Systems and methods for producing ammonia are described. In one embodiment, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are dissolved in a solution. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor and autotrophic diazotroph bacteria are also placed in the solution.

A problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a carbonaceous material suitable for a negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries (e.g., lithium ion secondary batteries, sodium ion secondary batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, lithium air batteries) having high charge/discharge capacities and preferably high charge/discharge efficiency as well as low resistance, a negative electrode comprising the carbonaceous material, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising the negative electrode, and a production method of the carbonaceous material. The present invention relates to a carbonaceous material having a nitrogen element content of 1.0 mass % or more and an oxygen content of 1.5 mass % or less obtained by elemental analysis, a ratio of nitrogen element content and hydrogen element content (R.sub.N/H) of 6 or more and 100 or less, a ratio of oxygen element content and nitrogen element content (R.sub.O/N) of 0.1 or more and 1.0 or less, and a carbon interplanar spacing (d.sub.002) observed by X-ray diffraction measurement of 3.70 Å or more.

This disclosure features a urea conversion catalyst located within a urea decomposition reactor (e.g., a urea decomposition pipe) of a diesel exhaust aftertreatment system. The urea conversion catalyst includes a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant. The urea conversion catalyst can decrease the temperature at which urea converts to ammonia, can increase the urea conversion yield, and can decrease the likelihood of incomplete urea conversion.

The present invention relates to a method for generating ammonia from an ammonia precursor substance and to the use thereof for reducing nitrogen oxides in exhaust from industrial facilities, from combustion engines, from gas engines, from diesel engines or from petrol engines.

The present invention relates to a method for generating ammonia from an ammonia precursor substance and to the use thereof for reducing nitrogen oxides in exhaust from industrial facilities, from combustion engines, from gas engines, from diesel engines or from petrol engines.

A transition metal amino borohydride material includes a first row transition metal in conjunction with an amine ligand and borohydride, in a condition of having been thermally treated to a temperature of at least 70° C. and up to but not including 800° C. An exemplary such material, Fe(DETA)(BH.sub.4).sub.2 having been heat treated at 300° C., had good hydrogen storage characteristics.

Disclosed are methods and compact apparatus for controlled, on-demand ammonia generation from urea. The process gasifies an aqueous urea solution in a chamber utilizing hot gas while controlling the flows of aqueous urea solution and hot gas to achieve complete gasification of the aqueous urea solution and form a gas mixture comprising ammonia, isocyanic acid, carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is passed through a catalyst bed containing particulate transition metal oxide to convert substantially all of the isocyanic acid to ammonia. A catalyst support and the catalyst bed are aligned with the gasification chamber at the lower end of said chamber to provide a degree of back pressure on the gases in the gasification chamber to isolate the gasification chamber from turbulent exit effects caused by equipment downstream of the thermal reactor. A sample of the product stream is treated to remove water and ammonia, and analyze for carbon dioxide content to control the process. The apparatus to perform the process includes flow managing equipment and catalyst supports that facilitate continuous operation with accurate control.

Disclosed are methods and compact apparatus for controlled, on-demand ammonia generation from urea. The process gasifies an aqueous urea solution in a chamber utilizing hot gas while controlling the flows of aqueous urea solution and hot gas to achieve complete gasification of the aqueous urea solution and form a gas mixture comprising ammonia, isocyanic acid, carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is passed through a catalyst bed containing particulate transition metal oxide to convert substantially all of the isocyanic acid to ammonia. A catalyst support and the catalyst bed are aligned with the gasification chamber at the lower end of said chamber to provide a degree of back pressure on the gases in the gasification chamber to isolate the gasification chamber from turbulent exit effects caused by equipment downstream of the thermal reactor. A sample of the product stream is treated to remove water and ammonia, and analyze for carbon dioxide content to control the process. The apparatus to perform the process includes flow managing equipment and catalyst supports that facilitate continuous operation with accurate control.