Disclosed herein are systems and methods from processing flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum feedstock and ash feedstocks, either separately or together. FGD gypsum conversion comprises reacting FGD gypsum (calcium sulfate) feedstock or phosphogypsum, in either batch or continuous mode, with ammonium carbonate reagent to produce commercial products comprising ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate. A process to separate the impurities and convert the calcium carbonate to a pure precipitated calcium carbonate is disclosed. These impurities include a concentrate of valuable Rare Earth Elements, and radioactive thorium and uranium. A process to convert calcium sulfite to calcium sulfate using oxygen and a catalyst is also disclosed. Ash conversion comprises a leach process followed by a sequential precipitation process to selectively precipitate products at predetermined pHs resulting in metal hydroxides which may be converted to oxides or carbonates. The processes may be controlled by use of one or more processors.

This invention relates to treated geothermal brine compositions containing reduced concentrations of lithium, iron and silica compared to the untreated brines. Exemplary compositions contain concentration of lithium ranges from 0 to 200 mg/kg, concentration of silica ranges from 0 to 30 mg/kg, concentration of iron ranges from 0 to 300 mg/kg. Exemplary compositions also contain reduced concentrations of elements like arsenic, barium, and lead.

This invention relates to treated geothermal brine compositions containing reduced concentrations of lithium, iron and silica compared to the untreated brines. Exemplary compositions contain concentration of lithium ranges from 0 to 200 mg/kg, concentration of silica ranges from 0 to 30 mg/kg, concentration of iron ranges from 0 to 300 mg/kg. Exemplary compositions also contain reduced concentrations of elements like arsenic, barium, and lead.

Provided are a liquid preparation wherein the pharmaceutically active ingredient is stabilized, and a stabilizing method therefor. A liquid preparation comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient having a primary or secondary amino group (wherein the amino group does not constitute a part of the amide structure), an organic acid and a salt, which is substantially free of a reaction product of the pharmaceutically active ingredient and the organic acid.

Provided are a liquid preparation wherein the pharmaceutically active ingredient is stabilized, and a stabilizing method therefor. A liquid preparation comprising a pharmaceutically active ingredient having a primary or secondary amino group (wherein the amino group does not constitute a part of the amide structure), an organic acid and a salt, which is substantially free of a reaction product of the pharmaceutically active ingredient and the organic acid.

The present invention relates to a milk-like friction reducer used in slick water fracturing and belongs to the technical field of oilfield chemicals. This friction reducer is obtained via free radical polymerization in water by using component A, component B and component C; wherein said component A is a mix of nonionic water-soluble monomers having carbon-carbon double bond; wherein said component B is a mix of water-soluble polymeric stabilizers obtained from monovalent cationic monomers; and wherein said component C is a mix of monovalent inorganic salts. The present invention is environmentally-friendly and easy to use. Its subsequent friction reducer is convenient to add on-the-fly and leads to no foaming without adding anti-foamer. Moreover, unlike other regular friction reducers, it is tolerant with various brines and compatible with common oilfield additives. The subject friction reducer can achieve an extent of friction reduction of greater than 70%.

The present disclosure generally relates to methods of preparing spherical salt particles for industrial, medical, and other uses. The methods can include combining the angular salt particles with a quantity of finishing media, for example, into a receptacle. Thereafter, the angular salt particles and the finishing media can be moved or agitated until the angular salt particles have a desired sphericity.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a method of preparing a colloidal solution comprising preparing a salted aqueous solvent and dispersing a graphitic material in the salted aqueous solvent. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe a method of treating a graphitic material comprising agitating a graphitic material in a salted aqueous solvent and removing residual chemical species to obtain a treated graphitic material. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe a colloidal solution comprising a liquid medium and a treated graphitic material dispersed in the liquid medium sufficient to form a colloidal solution.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a method of preparing a colloidal solution comprising preparing a salted aqueous solvent and dispersing a graphitic material in the salted aqueous solvent. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe a method of treating a graphitic material comprising agitating a graphitic material in a salted aqueous solvent and removing residual chemical species to obtain a treated graphitic material. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe a colloidal solution comprising a liquid medium and a treated graphitic material dispersed in the liquid medium sufficient to form a colloidal solution.

Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can be used in a variety of devices, such as sodium ionic batteries, capacitors and other electrochemical devices. Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can have a chemical formula of Na.sub.3OX, Na.sub.3SX, Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/2OX and Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/2SX wherein 0<δ<0.8, wherein X is a monovalent anion selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, H.sup.−, CN.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BH.sub.4.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, CH.sub.3.sup.−, NO.sub.2.sup.−, NH.sub.2.sup.− and mixtures thereof, and wherein M is a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium and mixtures thereof. Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can have a chemical formula of Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/3OX and/or Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/3SX; wherein 0<δ<0.5, wherein M is a trivalent cation M.sup.3, and wherein X is selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, H.sup.−, CN.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BH.sub.4.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, CH.sub.3.sup.−, NO.sub.2.sup.−, NH.sup.2− and mixtures thereof. Synthesis and processing methods of NaRAP compositions for battery, capacitor, and other electrochemical applications are also provided.