The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.

Methods for producing ethylene using nanowires as heterogeneous catalysts are provided. The method includes, for example, an oxidative coupling of methane catalyzed by nanowires to provide ethylene.

Disclosed here is a method for making a monolithic rare earth oxide (REO) aerogel, comprising: preparing a reaction mixture comprising at least one rare earth metal nitrate, at least one epoxide, at least one base catalyst, and at least one organic solvent; curing the mixture to produce a wet gel; drying the wet gel to produce a dry gel; and thermally annealing the dry gel to produce the monolithic REO aerogel. Also disclosed is an REO aerogel comprising a network of REO nanostructures, wherein the REO aerogel is a monolith having at least one lateral dimension of at least 1 cm, wherein the REO aerogel has a density of about 40-500 mg/cm.sup.3 and/or a BET surface area of at least about 20 m.sup.2/g, and wherein the REO aerogel is substantially free of oxychloride.

The present invention disclosed use of lactam as a solvent in the preparation of nanomaterials by precipitation method, sol-gel method or high temperature pyrolysis. These methods are able to recycle lactam solvent, which meet requirements of environmental protection.

The disclosure is directed to a spherical particle comprising lanthanide hydroxide, a method of preparing the particle, the particle for use in medical applications, a suspension, a composition, a method of obtaining a scanning image, and the particle for use in the treatment of a subject.

The present disclosure relates to a method for separating yttrium oxide from a high-yttrium rare earth ore by a grouping manner and a method for separating yttrium oxide from a medium-yttrium and europium-rich rare earth ore by a grouping manner, and belongs to the technical field of rare earth extraction and separation. The separating method by a grouping manner according to the present disclosure have advantages such as being advanced and reasonable, short process, low production cost, good adaptability, and easy operation and control. The method has better overall technical and economic indicator performance than the naphthenic acid process and has the value of practical application.

A method for preparing carbon-functionalized praseodymium oxide includes the following steps: dissolving Pr(NO.sub.3).sub.3.6H.sub.2O in an acid dye solution and stirring to form a mixed solution; adding NH.sub.3H.sub.2O dropwise in the mixed solution while stirring to adjust a pH value of the mixed solution, thereby forming a suspension, and then aging the suspension for 2 to 4 hours; filtering, washing with water, washing with alcohol, and drying the aged suspension to obtain a carbon-functionalized Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 precursor; and placing the carbon-functional zed Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 precursor in a tube furnace under a protection of nitrogen, heating the carbon-functionalized Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 precursor to a sintering temperature at a heating rate of 4 to 6 degrees Celsius/min, keeping at the sintering temperature for 3 to 4 hours, and then cooling to room temperature, thereby obtaining the carbon-functionalized. Pr.sub.6O.sub.11.

A rare earth metal extracting bacterial consortium can include an acid secreting bacterium, a heavy metal resistant bacterium, an iron-sequestering molecule secreting bacterium, and a rare earth metal sequestering bacterium. In another example, a composition can include a growth medium and a bacterial consortium growing in the growth medium. The growth medium can include water, magnesium sulfate, manganese chloride, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium sulfate, soluble starch, and amino acids. The bacterial consortium can include an acid secreting bacterium, a heavy metal resistant bacterium, an iron-sequestering molecule secreting bacterium, and a rare earth metal sequestering bacterium.

An aqueous solution containing ions of one or more rare earth elements selected from the group consisting of Y, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, hydrogen peroxide, urea, and polyvinylpyrrolidone is heated at a temperature of 80° C. or higher and equal to or lower than a boiling point of the aqueous solution to produce particles of a rare earth compound under a reaction between a hydrolysis product of urea and the ions of the rare earth elements. Furthermore, the particles of the rare earth compound are solid-liquid separated from the aqueous solution, and the obtained solid content is baked at a temperature of 600° C. or higher in an atmosphere containing oxygen to produce rare earth oxide particles.

A porous formed article includes an organic polymer resin and an inorganic ion adsorbent and having the most frequent pore size of 0.08 to 0.70 μm measured with a mercury porosimeter. Such a porous formed article can be prepared by crushing and mixing a good solvent for the organic polymer resin and the inorganic ion adsorbent to obtain slurry; dissolving the organic polymer resin and a water-soluble polymer in the slurry; shape-forming the slurry; promoting coagulation of the shape-formed product by controlling the temperature and humidity of a spatial portion coming into contact with the shape-formed product, until the shape-formed product is coagulated in a poor solvent; and coagulating the coagulation-promoted shape-formed product in a poor solvent. A production apparatus can be used to prepare such a porous formed article.