Ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, curable ink compositions containing the ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, and methods of forming films from the ink compositions are provided. Also provided are cured films formed by curing the ink compositions and photonic devices incorporating the films. The ligands bound to the inorganic scattering nanoparticles include a head group and a tail group. The head group includes a polyamine chain and binds the ligands to the nanoparticle surface. The tail group includes a polyalkylene oxide chain.

Ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, curable ink compositions containing the ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, and methods of forming films from the ink compositions are provided. Also provided are cured films formed by curing the ink compositions and photonic devices incorporating the films. The ligands bound to the inorganic scattering nanoparticles include a head group and a tail group. The head group includes a polyamine chain and binds the ligands to the nanoparticle surface. The tail group includes a polyalkylene oxide chain.

Described herein are acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) materials useful in applications such as a battery electrode or photovoltaic component, in which the AMO material is used in conjunction with one or more acidic species. Advantageously, batteries constructed of AMO materials and incorporating acidic species, such as in the electrode or electrolyte components of the battery exhibit improved capacity as compared to a corresponding battery lacking the acidic species.

Described herein are acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) materials useful in applications such as a battery electrode or photovoltaic component, in which the AMO material is used in conjunction with one or more acidic species. Advantageously, batteries constructed of AMO materials and incorporating acidic species, such as in the electrode or electrolyte components of the battery exhibit improved capacity as compared to a corresponding battery lacking the acidic species.

This particle contains at least one titanium compound crystal grain, and satisfies requirements 1 and 2. Requirement 1: |dA(T)/dT| of the titanium compound crystal grain satisfies 10 ppm/° C. or more at at least one temperature T1 in a range of −200° C. to 1200° C. A is (a-axis (shorter axis) lattice constant of the titanium compound crystal grain)/(c-axis (longer axis) lattice constant of the titanium compound crystal grain), and each of the lattice constants is obtained by X-ray diffractometry of the titanium compound crystal grain. Requirement 2: the particle contains a pore, and in a cross section of the particle, the pore has an average equivalent circle diameter of 0.8 μm or more and 30 μm or less, and the titanium compound crystal grain has an average equivalent circle diameter of 1 μm or more and 70 μm or less.

A production method of a titanium-niobium composite oxide uses, as a source material, niobium oxide including a mixture of a plurality of crystal forms including a first Nb2O5 structure and at least either of a second Nb2O5 structure and a third Nb2O5 structure. The first Nb2O5 structure has a first peak with 2θ from 23.6° to 23.8°, a peak with 2θ from 24.8° to 25.0°, and a peak with 2θ from 25.4° to 25.6°. The second Nb2O5 structure has a peak with 2θ from 23.7° to 23.9°, a peak with 2θ from 24.3° to 24.5°, and a peak with 2θ from 25.4° to 25.6°. The third Nb2O5 structure has a peak with 2θ from 22.5° to 22.7°, a peak with 2θ from 28.3° to 28.5°, and a peak with 2θ from 28.8° to 29.0°.

A production method of a titanium-niobium composite oxide uses, as a source material, niobium oxide including a mixture of a plurality of crystal forms including a first Nb2O5 structure and at least either of a second Nb2O5 structure and a third Nb2O5 structure. The first Nb2O5 structure has a first peak with 2θ from 23.6° to 23.8°, a peak with 2θ from 24.8° to 25.0°, and a peak with 2θ from 25.4° to 25.6°. The second Nb2O5 structure has a peak with 2θ from 23.7° to 23.9°, a peak with 2θ from 24.3° to 24.5°, and a peak with 2θ from 25.4° to 25.6°. The third Nb2O5 structure has a peak with 2θ from 22.5° to 22.7°, a peak with 2θ from 28.3° to 28.5°, and a peak with 2θ from 28.8° to 29.0°.

A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodispersed nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodispersed nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

A hydrogenation catalyst with a small amount of supported metal that is excellent in stability and inhibition of side reactions is provided. The catalyst hydrogenates an aromatic hydrocarbon compound into an alicyclic hydrocarbon compound, and a Group X metal represented by nickel is supported in a composite support including at least alumina and titania. The composite support preferably includes at least an alumina substrate coated with titania. It is also preferable that the Group X metal is prereduced by hydrogen. In the case that the Group X metal is nickel, the nickel content is preferably 5-35 wt % as nickel oxide in the catalyst. The substrate includes, for example, a porous structure formed by a plurality of needle-shaped or column-shaped intertwined three-dimensionally.