Combustion apparatuses (e.g., burners) and methods, such as those configured to encourage mixing of fluid, flame stability, and synthesis of materials (e.g., nano-particles), among other things.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

Methods of forming non-metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles using a flame spray pyrolysis process are described. The non-metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit high photocatalytic activity. Specific non-metal doped metal oxides nanoparticles which can be formed by the described processes include nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide and sulfur-doped titanium dioxide.

Methods of forming non-metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles using a flame spray pyrolysis process are described. The non-metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit high photocatalytic activity. Specific non-metal doped metal oxides nanoparticles which can be formed by the described processes include nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide and sulfur-doped titanium dioxide.

Methods and apparatuses for making nanomaterials are disclosed. The methods involve passing one or more source materials through a high pressure and high temperature chamber with an open throat, and then allowing the reactants to expand into a lower pressure, lower temperature zone. The source material is non-stoichiometric and fuel-rich so that excess un-combusted primary source material can form the nanomaterials. In some cases, the apparatus may be in the form of a modified rocket engine. The methods may be used to make various materials including: carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, and any materials that are currently produced by flame synthesis, including but not limited to electrocatalysts. The methods may also be used to make nanomaterials outside the Earth's atmosphere. The methods can include making, coating, or repairing structures in space, such as antennae.

Methods and apparatuses for making nanomaterials are disclosed. The methods involve passing one or more source materials through a high pressure and high temperature chamber with an open throat, and then allowing the reactants to expand into a lower pressure, lower temperature zone. The source material is non-stoichiometric and fuel-rich so that excess un-combusted primary source material can form the nanomaterials. In some cases, the apparatus may be in the form of a modified rocket engine. The methods may be used to make various materials including: carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, and any materials that are currently produced by flame synthesis, including but not limited to electrocatalysts. The methods may also be used to make nanomaterials outside the Earth's atmosphere. The methods can include making, coating, or repairing structures in space, such as antennae.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

An object of the invention is to provide titanium dioxide coloring particles capable of developing colors other than red and yellow while maintaining non-toxicity of titanium dioxide and a titanium dioxide particle mixture containing the titanium dioxide coloring particles, and to provide a method capable of producing the titanium dioxide coloring particles exhibiting the excellent properties by a simple process with a small environmental load. The invention relates to titanium dioxide coloring particles having a brookite type or rutile type crystal structure and co-doped with at least nitrogen and boron, a titanium dioxide particle mixture containing the titanium dioxide coloring particles, and a method for producing the titanium dioxide coloring particles in which a hydrothermal reaction of titanium diboride is caused in presence of an acid or urea, and then a nitriding treatment is performed in an ammonia gas atmosphere or by mixing with urea or carbon nitride.