A device for removing ions from a solution. The device includes first and second flow channels between an anion exchange membrane and first and second flow plates, respectively. The first flow channel has a first land volume positioned between the first land regions and the anion exchange membrane. The first flow channel has a first channel volume positioned between the anion exchange membrane and the first channel regions and spaced apart from the anion exchange membrane. The second flow channel has a second land volume positioned between the second land regions and the anion exchange membrane. The second flow channel has a second channel volume positioned between the anion exchange membrane and the second channel regions and spaced apart from the anion exchange membrane. The device also includes an intercalation material positioned within the first land and channel volumes or the second land and channel volumes.

A pulsed voltage is repeatedly applied between a first electrode and a second electrode to which a gas is supplied, a plasma is generated between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an active species is produced in the plasma. The energy necessary for plasma generation is set to a value greater than or equal to 1.8 W/cm.sup.3 and less than or equal to 8.5 W/cm.sup.3.

A first electrode and a second electrode, and a ceramic structural body into which a gas is introduced, and which is configured to introduce into water an active species produced by a plasma which is generated between the first electrode and the second electrode are provided. The ceramic structural body and at least one electrode from among the first electrode and the second electrode are formed together in an integrated manner.

A wastewater recycling system includes a biological reactor having anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic chambers. A lift station including a pump is operatively connected to the biological reactor. The lift station receives biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor and pumps the liquid from the lift station. A filtration subsystem is operatively connected to the lift station. The filtration subsystem receives and filters the liquid pumped by the lift station. The filtration subsystem includes a salt-rejecting membrane filter comprising a concentrate recirculation conduit operatively connected to recirculate salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the wastewater recycling system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the wastewater recycling system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter. A post-filtration subsystem is operatively connected to receive salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate, and comprises a water disinfection system that disinfects the permeate thereby generating potable water.

The device provided relates to the field of water purification and disinfection. The device for water purification works by exposing water to an hydroxyl radicals and includes a corona discharge reactor, an ejector, at least one solenoid valve, control electronics, a mixing chamber. Inside the reactor there is a group of pin discharge electrodes, an earthen solid electrode, a chamber of saturated vapors of treated water, and the reactor is interfaced to the ejector. The device allows to obtain at the output of the device water with a high degree of purification, as from biological pollution, as well as to get rid of many undesirable chemical compounds present in the source water by their oxidation to safe products.

Managed ecosystems, methods for producing managed ecosystems and methods for using managed ecosystems for sequestering carbon dioxide are described herein. Produced water is obtained and purified to sustain a managed ecosystem with saline-tolerant vegetation. The managed ecosystem biologically sequesters carbon dioxide by photosynthetically absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by decomposition into a layer of sediment on the ecosystem floor.

An annular bubbling electric discharge reactor for treating water includes a non-conductive pipe having a top and a bottom with a gas sparger installed within the non-conductive pipe and positioned adjacent the bottom and adapted to generate bubbles or foam and control the bubble size formation. A high voltage electrode is fixed concentrically within the non-conductive pipe and a ground electrode is fixed at an intermediate position within the non-conductive pipe and in circumferential relation to the high voltage electrode with an annular space defined between the ground electrode and high voltage electrode. A liquid inlet and a liquid outlet are provided to allow polluted liquid/water into the reactor and discharge treated liquid/water therefrom. A circuit and power supply are provided for generating an electrical discharge between the high voltage electrode and ground electrode, thereby creating a plasma generation region where the liquid is treated.

A method for mitigating microbe buildup within a potable water supply system including: cleaning of the water supply system; acquiring data including at least water conditions at multiple points within the potable water supply system; a control system adjusting local water conditions within the potable water supply system; a bacteria monitor assessing water within the potable water system to determine at least levels of bacteria within the potable water system; and applying an antimicrobial condition to water within the potable water system.

A system using electrical discharge plasma (EDP) for treating a liquid, such as water or waste water to degrade or destroy polar contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds, the system includes a sealed process tank and multiple submerged EDP channels stacked horizontally. Each EDP channel consists of a cathode and an anode, a gas hood, and a gas diffuser. The basic submerged EDP channel is bounded by a plate at the bottom and a submerged gas hood at the top which creates a gas headspace, and hence, a local water surface to provide a local gas/liquid interface in each channel. The cathode lies above the local water surface and anode lies below the local water surface. Each EDP channel may have a gas diffuser at the bottom of the EDP channel for introducing a process gas into the liquid creating bubbles that carry contaminants in the liquid to the local gas/liquid interface. An electrical discharge arcs between the cathode and the anode to generate a plasma used for destruction of contaminants in the water or wastewater at the local gas/liquid interface.

Divalent ions are extracted from solids by leaching to form a divalent ion-containing solution. The divalent ion-containing solution is subjected to concentration to form a concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. Precipitation of a divalent ion hydroxide salt is induced from the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. In other cases, the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution is exposed to carbon dioxide to induce precipitation of a divalent ion carbonate salt.