The present invention relates to a hybrid system for water treatment, desalination, and chemical production. The hybrid system of the present invention includes a photoanode, an anode chamber, an anion exchange membrane, a middle chamber, a cation exchange membrane, a cathode chamber, and a cathode. In the middle chamber, saltwater or seawater is desalinated by photoelectrochemical electrodialysis. Chloride ions are generated during the desalination, transferred to the anode chamber, and activated by the photoanode. In the anode chamber, wastewater is treated by the activated chloride ions. In the cathode chamber, at least one chemical species selected from the group consisting of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide is reduced by electrons supplied from the photoanode.

Saltwater to freshwater conversion cells are provided. The saltwater to freshwater conversion cell includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode disposed opposite and parallel to the positive electrode; a first plastic perforated plate positioned adjacent to the positive electrode and between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; a second plastic perforated plate positioned adjacent to the negative electrode and between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; a power supply configured to generate an electric field between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a saltwater stream comprising a plurality of positively charged sodium ions and a plurality of negatively charged chloride ions, the saltwater stream flowing through the conversion cell. The positive electrode and the first plastic perforated plate define a chloride-dense water channel, the negative electrode and the second plastic perforated plate define a sodium-dense water channel, and the first plastic perforated plate and the second plastic perforated plate define a desalinated water channel. The electric field is configured to cause the plurality of negatively charged chloride ions in the saltwater stream to move through the first plastic perforated plate and into the chloride-dense water channel and the plurality of positively charged sodium ions in the saltwater stream to move through the second plastic perforated plate and into the sodium-dense water channel.

Plasma discharges and electromagnetic fields may be applied to a liquid, such as water, for desalinization purposes and to treat unwanted material in the liquid.

The ParaDice Process System is the interconnection of a renewable power source to power an ocean water electrolysis apparatus comprising a water container, an electrolysis cell, optionally a precious metal harvesting probe, a filtration system, and a settlement pond wherein the hydrogen generated as a result of electrolysis is supplied to either a hydrogen combustion engine or hydrogen turbine to power an electricity generator thereby creating a renewable zero carbon emission electric power generation system. The hydrogen gas is collected by a chlorine scrubber and transferred to either a hydrogen combustion engine or a hydrogen turbine. Where a hydrogen turbine is embodied the waste heat created therein is used to generate electricity and increase the performance of the filtration system and settlement pond.

A desalination and lithium collection system has a primary brine chamber receiving brine from a brine inlet. A charged metal has anodes and cathodes, submerged in the brine in the primary brine chamber. Electrical power applied is to the charged metal as alternating current having a frequency of less than 2kHz for conducting a primary electrolysis. A water vapor collection chamber fluidly connected to the primary brine chamber and configured to collect water vapor generated from the charged metal. A condenser chamber is fluidly connected to the water vapor collection chamber and configured to condense water vapor. A freshwater chamber is fluidly connected to the condenser and configured to collect freshwater.

Provided are apparatus and method for controlling total dissolved solids, and water treatment apparatus including apparatus for controlling total dissolved solids. The total dissolved solid controlling apparatus includes, a filtering unit including a deionizing filter removing dissolved solids from inflow raw water by an input current and, a control unit controlling the input current such that water discharged from the deionizing filter corresponds to target total dissolved solids.

Systems and methods for removing a contaminant from a liquid are generally described. The liquid (e.g., water) containing the contaminant may be flowed across a semipermeable membrane (e.g., via forward osmosis) that is not permeable to the contaminant in order to remove the contaminant from the liquid. A concentration gradient across the semipermeable membrane may be provided and maintained by electrolysis of the liquid and can drive forward osmosis of the liquid through the semipermeable membrane.

A recursive fractal system provides low cost, high throughput removal of contaminants, selected compounds, and elements from a flowable medium. This includes low energy desalination of saltwater, and removal contaminants from waste water. A series of concatenated, self-similar, co-axially aligned fractal stages are provided for defining a flow path for receiving the flowable medium, such as salt water. The configuration of self similar fractal stages as a succession of venturis recursively accelerates and separates flow vectors at each stage without the need for pumping. The series of venturis have been found to accelerate the water to such an extent that an electro hydrodynamic field interaction is magnified at each successive stage, such that contaminants, heavy metals, salt, or other selected compounds are aggregated by an electromagnetic field signature, separated and extracted from the flowable medium.

The present invention relates to an elongate microreactor (1) for desalinating a saline fluid (2), comprising at least one compartment (C1) for migrating ions, at least one compartment (C2) for separating ions and at least one compartment (C3) for collecting fluid, characterised in that first and second cathode electrodes (11A, 11B) and first and second anode electrodes (12A, 12B) each have a first surface (11F, 11G, 12F, 12G) that is in contact with the air and a second surface (11E, 11H, 12E, 12H) opposite said first surface, respectively, said second surface being in direct contact with a plastic wall (13B, 13C, 13A, 13D) that is in direct contact with the saline fluid.

Plant for desalinating water of a water supply system, which comprises one or more tanks for accumulating water (2) in an immiscible manner, in order to store a softened supply thereof, provided with a first inlet connection (3) and with a first outlet connection (4) respectively connected to a feeding pipe (5) connected to the water supply system (50) and to an extraction pipe (6) for supplying users. The plant (1) also comprises a filtering unit (10) for water softening, for example obtained with a flow-through condenser (10″) or with a reverse osmosis membrane filter (10′), connected in parallel to the tank (2) with second inlet connection (11) and second outlet connection (12) respectively hydraulically connected to the first inlet connection (3) and to the first outlet connection (4) of the tank (2). Circulating means (13) are provided which can be activated to force at least one water flow to be treated to pass through the filtering unit (10), producing a filtered water flow, which is progressively stored in the tank (2) according to a filling direction (VI) thereof. Operatively, the feeding pipe (5) of the water supply system (50) forces, when the user requests water, a water flow intended for use to flow through the tank (2), causing the at least partial evacuation of the filtered water volume that was stored therein in an immiscible manner, in an evacuation direction (V2) opposite the filling direction (VI) with which the filtered water flow had been previously stored in the tank 2.