A system for electrochemically enhanced water filtration is provided. The system includes: a chamber plug-flow electrochemical cell; a first cathode and anode pair disposed in the cell; and a second cathode and anode pair disposed in the cell. The first and the second pair are collectively operative to apply a 2D electric field in at least one of a horizontal direction and a vertical direction with respect to the chamber plug-flow electrochemical cell.

A system for treating a source of water contaminated with PFAS is disclosed. The system includes a PFAS separation stage having an inlet fluidly connectable to the source of water contaminated with PFAS, a diluate outlet, and a concentrate outlet and a PFAS elimination stage positioned downstream of the PFAS separation stage and having an inlet fluidly connected to an outlet of the PFAS separation stage, the elimination of the PFAS occurring onsite with respect to the source of water contaminated with PFAS, with the system maintaining an elimination rate of PFAS greater than about 99%. A method of treating water contaminated with PFAS is also disclosed. The method includes introducing contaminated water from a source of water contaminated with a first concentration of PFAS to an inlet of a

PFAS separation stage, treating the contaminated water in the PFAS separation stage to produce a product water substantially free of PFAS and a PFAS concentrate having a second PFAS concentration greater than the first PFAS concentration, introducing the PFAS concentrate to an inlet of a PFAS elimination stage; and activating the PFAS elimination stage to eliminate the PFAS in the PFAS concentrate. A method of retrofitting a water treatment system as described herein is also disclosed. The method includes providing a PFAS elimination module as described herein and fluidly connecting the PFAS elimination module downstream of a PFAS separation stage.

This disclosure provides techniques for treatment of aqueous matrices using electrolysis to produce soluble metals. An aqueous matrix of interest is passed through an electrolysis device with at least one consumable electrode, which dissolves under applied current, transferring a desired reagent to the aqueous matrix of interest. In one embodiment, the electrolysis device is used in a water delivery network to passivate hexavalent chromium (Cr6) and/or convert it to trivalent chromium; the electrode can be made of food-grade metal tin, which is electrolyzed to form a stannous reagent, which then reacts with the Cr6. The disclosed techniques provide for Cr6 passivation without requiring the use of concentrated acids or other harmful substances. Long term reagent generation efficiency can be enhanced through the use of cleaning processes which maintain a fresh electrode surface in contact with the aqueous matrix of interest.

The present disclosure provides methods, electrodes, and systems for electrochemical oxidation of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluroalkyl (PFAS) contaminants using Magnéli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes. Magneli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes can be porous and can be included in reactive electrochemical membrane filtration systems for filtration, concentration, and oxidation of PFASs and other contaminants.

Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds in an effluent stream are destroyed by means of electro-oxidation. Although electro-oxidation can be used to directly treat effluent, a more efficient use is to pre-concentrate applicable pollutants with filters or sorbents. Concentrated perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds are removed from the filter or sorbent with a regenerant solution and treated by electro-oxidation. A current density of 0.5 mA/cm.sup.2 or 1 mA/cm.sup.2 effectively reduces the level of perfluorinated contaminants within 1-3 hr. using a titanium electrode. This allows both the regenerant and filter or sorbent to be reused and greatly reduces the amount of material that must be treated as hazardous waste.

A method of producing a porous carbon composite fibrous mats formed of a network of carbon fibers incorporated with porous carbon particles. The method includes electrospinning a polymer solution to form a porous layer of polymeric fibers and the polymeric fibers are doped with a precursor of conductive metal particles, wherein the polymer solution includes a polymer and the precursor of the conductive metal particles, electrospraying a metal organic framework suspension onto the porous layer of polymeric fibers, wherein the metal organic framework suspension includes metal organic framework particles, repeating the electrospinning and electrospraying in an alternating manner to form a porous network of polymeric fibers incorporated with the metal organic framework particles, and heating the porous network of polymeric fibers incorporated with the metal organic framework particles to form the porous carbon composite fibrous mats. The porous carbon composite fibrous mats and its applications thereof are also disclosed herein.

A device for removing ions from a solution. The device includes first and second intercalation hosts, an anion exchange membrane, a first compartment extending between the first intercalation host and the anion exchange membrane, and a second compartment extending between the second intercalation host and the anion exchange membrane. The first and/or second intercalation hosts include a mixture of first and second intercalation materials. The first and/or second intercalation hosts may include layers (e.g., alternating layers) of the first and second intercalation materials. The first and second intercalation materials are different.

An electrode for use in a device configured to remove ions from a solution. The electrode includes an intercalation material including a binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, a ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof. The binary compound may have a general formula: A.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.z[Fe(CN).sub.6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; and 0≤z≤1. The ternary compound may have the general formula: A.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.zD.sub.w[Fe(CN).sub.6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; D=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤1; 0≤w≤1.

A method of electrolyzed impingement cavitation includes disposing a conductive rod at least partially within a lumen of a reactor pipe comprising a plurality of beveled perforations, disposing the conductive rod and the reactor pipe at least partially within a lumen of a reactor casing, electrically connecting a positive terminal of a direct current voltage source to the conductive rod, electrically connecting a negative terminal of the direct current voltage source to the reactor pipe, the reactor casing, or both, and applying a direct current to the conductive rod while fluidly communicating fluids into the lumen of the reactor pipe. The fluids are directed out of the plurality of beveled perforations forming enhanced cavitation bubbles that impinge an inner surface of the reactor casing while in at least part of an electrolysis reaction. Fluids are discharged from an annulus between the reactor pipe and the reactor casing.

Apparatus and method for electrolysis of urea is capable of removing urea from waste-water generated by human urine or agricultural run-off while simultaneously producing cleaner water and hydrogen gas. The apparatus and method employ at least one water reduction electrode located close to at least one urea oxidation electrode. The water reduction electrode operates to generate a locally high pH such that the urea oxidation electrode operates in a locally high pH envelope where it can perform its reaction efficiently to break down the urea with little or no impact on the pH of the bulk solution.