A water treatment system comprises a flow path through a first activated carbon filter, a second activated carbon filter downstream of the first activated carbon filter, a particulate filter downstream of the second activated carbon filter, for example a ceramic membrane, and a UV sterilizer downstream of the particulate filter. Ozone is introduced into the process water ahead of a water storage vessel for storing treated water produced by the system. A recycle subsystem is periodically operated to withdraw treated water from the water storage vessel to form recycled water, introduce the recycled water to the water lines upstream of the UV sterilizer, and return the recycled water to the water storage vessel. A main programmable logic controller (PLC) controls a flow of the process water through the water treatment system and controls the recycle subsystem.

The present disclosure teaches a UV dosimeter comprising a UV-sensitive layer and a barrier that protects the UV-sensitive layer. The barrier is permeable to oxygen but impermeable to water and, thus, protects the UV-sensitive layer from water while allowing exposure of the UV-sensitive layer to oxygen. The UV-sensitive layer is accessible to both UV radiation and visible light. The UV-sensitive layer comprises a mixture of a semiconductor material, a UV-oxidizable dye, a sacrificial electron donor, and a matrix material. The semiconductor material has a band gap that corresponds to photon energy of the UV radiation. The dye has both an oxidation state and a reduction state. The oxidation state of the dye is visibly distinguishable from the reduction state of the dye. The sacrificial electron donor oxidizes when exposed to UV radiation. The matrix provides structural integrity to the mixture.

A radiation source assembly comprises a source base, a UV transparent sleeve, and a UV lamp. The source base comprises a sealed electrical connection interface and an opposing sealed sleeve interface. The sealed electrical connection interface comprises a electrical contacts and the sealed sleeve interface comprise a radial sealing element, an outer collar, and a compression ring. The UV transparent sleeve is engaged with the sleeve interface such that the radial sealing element of the sealed sleeve interface is disposed between the UV transparent sleeve and the outer collar of the source base, and the compression ring is positioned over the UV transparent sleeve and engaged with the source base to compress the radial sealing element onto the UV transparent sleeve and the outer collar. The UV lamp is disposed within the UV transparent sleeve and electrically coupled to the electrical contacts of the electrical connection interface.

A process of dissolving into to-be-treated water a peroxodisulfate and metal ions other than ions of alkali metals is performed by pouring equipment. An ultraviolet irradiation apparatus performs a process of treating the to-be-treated water, having the peroxodisulfate and the metal ions other than ions of alkali metals dissolved therein, with ultraviolet rays. By performing UV treatment on the to-be-treated water having the peroxodisulfate and metal ions dissolved therein, the inventive method and system achieve improved TOC decomposing performance and thus can particularly decompose a urea component in an efficient manner. Further, the to-be-treated water may be treated with an ion-exchange resin at a subsequent stage in such a manner that organic acids contained in the to-be-treated water having been subjected to the UV treatment are adsorbed to the ion exchange-resin, with the advantageous result that the concentration of TOC present in the to-be-treated water can be reduced.

This disclosure relates to aggregating, neutralizing, and filtering ultra-fine particles in fluids such as air and water. Fluid may be drawn from an ambient environment into a neutralization chamber. Within the neutralization chamber, particles in the fluid may be agglomerated. An acoustic field may be applied to the fluid to agglomerate the particles. The agglomerated particles may be exposed to light. The light may denature or deactivate the agglomerated particles. The agglomerated and inert particles maybe passed through a filter. After agglomeration and neutralization, the fluid may be released back into the ambient environment.

This disclosure relates to aggregating, neutralizing, and filtering ultra-fine particles in fluids such as air and water. Fluid may be drawn from an ambient environment into a neutralization chamber. Within the neutralization chamber, particles in the fluid may be agglomerated. An acoustic field may be applied to the fluid to agglomerate the particles. The agglomerated particles may be exposed to light. The light may denature or deactivate the agglomerated particles. The agglomerated and inert particles maybe passed through a filter. After agglomeration and neutralization, the fluid may be released back into the ambient environment.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The energy modulation agent has a normal predominant emission of radiation in a first wavelength range outside of a second wavelength range (WR2) known to produce the change, but under exposure to the applied initiation energy produces the change. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

This disclosure relates to aggregating, neutralizing, and filtering ultra-fine particles in fluids such as air and water. Fluid may be drawn from an ambient environment into a neutralization chamber. Within the neutralization chamber, particles in the fluid may be agglomerated. An acoustic field may be applied to the fluid to agglomerate the particles. The agglomerated particles may be exposed to light. The light may denature or deactivate the agglomerated particles. The agglomerated and inert particles may be passed through a filter. After agglomeration and neutralization, the fluid may be released back into the ambient environment.

An ultraviolet lamp includes a lamp tube and an electrode. A discharge cavity is formed in the lamp tube. A thermistor is disposed on an end socket at a first end of the lamp tube. A receiving groove communicated with the discharge cavity is formed in the end socket and contains amalgam. The thermistor heats the amalgam in the receiving groove in the end socket. The Curie temperature of the thermistor ranges from [T1+(T2−T1)/5] to [T1+4*(T2−T1)/5], wherein T1 and T2 are respectively a minimum operating temperature and a maximum operating temperature of the amalgam in a continuous region where the ultraviolet radiation power is from 90% to 100% when the input power of the ultraviolet lamp is 100%.

A fluid sterilization apparatus according to an embodiment includes a tubular cover; a tubular portion provided inside the cover; a supply head provided at one end of the tubular portion; a discharge head provided at the other end of the tubular portion; at least one light-emitting element provided in at least one of the supply head and the discharge head and allowed to irradiate an inside of the tubular portion with ultraviolet rays; and a temperature control unit capable of controlling a temperature of a space between the cover and the tubular portion.