A process for treating acid mine drainage removes iron ions from the acid mine drainage in the form of zero-valent iron nanoparticles which can be subsequently used for environmental remediation.

The level of cleanliness of a hollow fiber membrane device is evaluated before it is installed in an ultrapure water production system. A method of evaluating the level of cleanliness of the hollow fiber membrane device includes capturing fine particles in permeating water by means of a first filter membrane, wherein the permeating water is ultrapure water that permeates through the hollow fiber membrane device before the hollow fiber membrane device is installed in an ultrapure water production system; and analyzing the fine particles that are captured by the filter membrane.

The invention relates to products by processes, product compositions, product formulations and product uses that are all related to reduced ultrapure water cluster sizes in an aqueous composition containing a non-H.sub.2O substance in the reduced size water clusters in order to improve bioavailability of the aqueous composition. The invention processes use higher flow rate of the blended aqueous composition from a jet openings of a nozzle inside the hollow cylinder to reduce sizes of the ultrapure water clusters in the blended aqueous composition of the non-H.sub.2O substance to less than 300 nanometers.

The present invention relates to a method of monitoring and optionally controlling removal of microplastics from microplastic containing raw water, drinking water, storm water, water originating from melted snow, surface water, effluent of industrial wastewater treatment plants, effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants, industrial process water, using at least one coagulant and/or polymer, wherein the number of microplastic particles of the microplastic containing water before and/or after addition of said at least one coagulant and/or polymer is determined by using an optical measurement measuring light scattering and fluorescence of particles in a predetermined volume of the microplastic containing water.

The present invention relates to a method of evaluating and optionally selecting a suitable chemistry for removal of microplastics in a liquid matrix, said method comprising using at least one coagulant and/or flocculant and measuring fluorescence intensity and light scattering intensity of any particles in a sample volume of clarified liquid matrix by an optical measurement.

A water quality measurement system 10 includes: a first pipe 11 through which a first treated water flows; a first branch pipe 11a branching from the first pipe 11 and having a first valve V11; a second pipe 12 through which a second treated water flows; a second branch pipe 12a branching from the second pipe 12 and having a second valve V12; a third pipe 13 connected to the first pipe 11 and the second pipe 12 and through which the first treated water and the second treated water flow; and a water quality measurement device 14 configured to measure a water quality of a treated water flowing through the third pipe 13.

The invention relates to products by processes, product compositions, product formulations and product uses that are all related to reduced ultrapure water cluster sizes in an aqueous composition containing a non-H.sub.2O substance in the reduced size water clusters in order to improve bioavailability of the aqueous composition. The invention processes use higher flow rate of the blended aqueous composition from a jet openings of a nozzle inside the hollow cylinder to reduce sizes of the ultrapure water clusters in the blended aqueous composition of the non-H.sub.2O substance to less than 300 nanometers.

A method of controlling cooling water treatment may involve measuring operating data of one or more downstream heat exchangers that receive cooling water from the cooling tower. For example, the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot and cold streams of a downstream heat exchanger may be measured. Data from the streams passing through the heat exchanger may be used to determine a heat transfer efficiency for the heat exchanger. The heat transfer efficiency can be trended over a period of time and changes in the trend detected to identify cooling water fouling issues. Multiple potential causes of the perceived fouling issues can be evaluated to determine a predicted cause. A chemical additive selected to reduce, eliminate, or otherwise control the cooling water fouling can be controlled based on the predicted cause of the fouling.

A method for controlled biomass densification in a biological treatment of a raw influent, includes a step of subjecting the raw influent to a biological treatment of free suspended biomass, thereby producing a biomass comprising activated sludge; a step of separation and/or clarification of the activated sludge, thereby producing an effluent and a RAS; a step of extracting at least part of the RAS and/or part of the activated sludge as a first source of a WAS; a step of external density-based selection of at least part of the RAS and/or part of the activated sludge, thereby generating an overflow intended to be extracted as a second source of WAS, and an underflow comprising dense biomass aggregates; a step of producing and/or sustaining dense biomass aggregates, such as aerobic granular sludge or biofilm, by a dense biomass aggregates generating process, with at least part of the raw influent; a step of subjecting the dense biomass aggregates to the biological treatment; a step of subjecting the dense biomass aggregates of the underflow to the biological treatment and/or to the dense biomass aggregates generating process; thereby obtaining a densified biomass.

Provided is an effluent treatment method based on a membrane separation activated sludge method, the effluent treatment method being characterized in that activated sludge collected from a membrane separation activated sludge tank is observed by an optical means, image processing is performed, and effluent treatment conditions are controlled in accordance with the results thereof.