Methods of making indole analogs using a rhodium-containing catalyst are described, along with methods of using the compounds to treat hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic, or autoimmune disorders in mammals, and corresponding pharmaceutical compositions. Disclosed herein is a method of making indoles. The method comprises contacting a reactant of formula I wherein E is a protecting group, —SO2-Aryl, or —SO2-substituted-Aryl; and R and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C12-alkyl and aryl; with a rhodium(l)-containing catalyst.

Methods of making indole analogs using a rhodium-containing catalyst are described, along with methods of using the compounds to treat hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic, or autoimmune disorders in mammals, and corresponding pharmaceutical compositions. Disclosed herein is a method of making indoles. The method comprises contacting a reactant of formula I wherein E is a protecting group, —SO2-Aryl, or —SO2-substituted-Aryl; and R and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C12-alkyl and aryl; with a rhodium(l)-containing catalyst.

Method of making a cross metathesis product, the method comprising at least step (X) or step (Y): (X) reacting in a cross metathesis reaction a first compound comprising a terminal olefinic group with a second compound comprising a terminal olefinic group, wherein the first and the second compound may be identical or may be different from one another; or (Y) reacting in a ring-closing metathesis reaction two terminal olefinic groups which are comprised in a third compound; wherein the reacting in step (X) or step (Y) is performed in the presence of a ruthenium carbene complex comprising a [Ru═C]-moiety and an internal olefin.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for syntheses of pattern-specific compounds using hypohalites, such as hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite and potassium hypoiodite, as dual-radical generators, wherein the synthesis can be implemented by a cyclization reaction, a dehydrogenation reaction, a hydroxylation reaction, a decarboxylation reaction, or any combination of the above four.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for syntheses of pattern-specific compounds using hypohalites, such as hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite and potassium hypoiodite, as dual-radical generators, wherein the synthesis can be implemented by a cyclization reaction, a dehydrogenation reaction, a hydroxylation reaction, a decarboxylation reaction, or any combination of the above four.

Provided is a method that allows for a safer production of a naphthylsilole for use as a starting material for GNR, which involves reacting a compound of formula (1):

##STR00001##

(wherein R.sup.1a and R.sup.1b are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a (poly)ether group, an ester group, a halogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a heterocyclic group; R.sup.1a and R.sup.1b are optionally bound to each other to form a ring; R.sup.2 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a heterocyclic ring; and X represents a bromine or iodine atom) with a lanthanide- and lithium-containing ate complex to produce a lanthanide complex of the compound of formula (1); and then reacting it with a silyl compound of formula (2):

R.sup.3aR.sup.3bSiCl.sub.2  (2)

(wherein R.sup.3a and R.sup.3b are the same or different and represent an optionally branched C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or a phenyl group).

The present disclosure provides methods of preparing heteroaryl-containing compounds, wherein an azide-alkyne cycloaddition is accelerated in the presence of lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDAO). The present disclosure further provides conjugates of polypeptides and antigens prepared using such methods.

The present disclosure provides methods of preparing heteroaryl-containing compounds, wherein an azide-alkyne cycloaddition is accelerated in the presence of lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDAO). The present disclosure further provides conjugates of polypeptides and antigens prepared using such methods.

The present invention utilizes mechanical vapor compression and/or thermal vapor compression integrating compression loops across multiple process stages. A sequential network of compressors is utilized to increase the pressure and condensing temperature of the vapors within each process stage, as intra-vapor flow, and branching between process stages, as inter-vapor flow. Because the vapors available are shared among and between compressor stages, the number of compressors can be reduced, improving economics. Balancing vapor mass flow through incremental compressor stages which traverse multiple process stages by splitting vapors between compressor stages enables the overall vapor-compression system to be tailored to individual process energy requirements and to accommodate dynamic fluctuations in process conditions.

The present invention utilizes mechanical vapor compression and/or thermal vapor compression integrating compression loops across multiple process stages. A sequential network of compressors is utilized to increase the pressure and condensing temperature of the vapors within each process stage, as intra-vapor flow, and branching between process stages, as inter-vapor flow. Because the vapors available are shared among and between compressor stages, the number of compressors can be reduced, improving economics. Balancing vapor mass flow through incremental compressor stages which traverse multiple process stages by splitting vapors between compressor stages enables the overall vapor-compression system to be tailored to individual process energy requirements and to accommodate dynamic fluctuations in process conditions.