Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

A compound of formula the following formula: (I). In this formula, moieties A, B, X, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are defined herein. Also disclosed are a nanocomplex that is formed of such a compound and a pharmaceutical agent, and a nanocomplex that is formed of a protein and a bioreducible compound. ##STR00001##

Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

The present application provides a low-temperature process to reduce S—S and/or S—H bonds in organic compounds, including sulfur-cured elastomers, which for example, permits the de-crosslinking of the elastomer and recovery of organic polymers from inorganic constituents.

The present application provides a low-temperature process to reduce S—S and/or S—H bonds in organic compounds, including sulfur-cured elastomers, which for example, permits the de-crosslinking of the elastomer and recovery of organic polymers from inorganic constituents.

Benzotriazole phenols with substituents either ortho to the phenol hydroxyl group and/or para to the phenol hydroxyl group can be prepared from the unsubstituted benzotriazole phenol by coupling reactions. The ortho substituent group can be a simple alkoxy or amino group, or the ortho substituent group can be a linking group, linking the benzotriazole phenol to another benzotriazole phenol group.

Benzotriazole phenols with substituents either ortho to the phenol hydroxyl group and/or para to the phenol hydroxyl group can be prepared from the unsubstituted benzotriazole phenol by coupling reactions. The ortho substituent group can be a simple alkoxy or amino group, or the ortho substituent group can be a linking group, linking the benzotriazole phenol to another benzotriazole phenol group.

An object of the present invention is to provide a dialkyl sulfide which can effectively form a metal sulfide film on a metal surface even in a low-temperature environment, has excellent storage stability, and is suitable as an extreme-pressure additive. The present invention provides a dialkyl sulfide represented by general formula (1) below (in the formula, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent an alkyl group, and n is an integer), wherein the content of a compound having an n value of 1 in the general formula (1) is 10.0% by mass or less relative to the total amount of compounds represented by the general formula (1) ##STR00001##

An object of the present invention is to provide a dialkyl sulfide which can effectively form a metal sulfide film on a metal surface even in a low-temperature environment, has excellent storage stability, and is suitable as an extreme-pressure additive. The present invention provides a dialkyl sulfide represented by general formula (1) below (in the formula, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent an alkyl group, and n is an integer), wherein the content of a compound having an n value of 1 in the general formula (1) is 10.0% by mass or less relative to the total amount of compounds represented by the general formula (1)

##STR00001##

The present invention provides oxalic amide ligands and uses thereof in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides. Specifically, the present invention provides a use of a compound represented by formula I, wherein definitions of each group are described in the specification. The compound represented by formula I can be used as a ligand in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides for the formation of CN, CO and CS bonds. ##STR00001##