The disclosure provides processes for synthesizing compounds for use as CFTR modulators. ##STR00001##

The disclosure provides processes for synthesizing compounds for use as CFTR modulators. ##STR00001##

A monomer represented by Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, o, p, q, and r are the same as defined in the detailed description.

A monomer represented by Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, o, p, q, and r are the same as defined in the detailed description.

The triarylamine compound is represented by the following general formula (1), and the material, the optical element, and the optical apparatus each include a polymerized product (cured product) of the triarylamine compound. ##STR00001##
(In the general formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the alkylene group having a polymerizable functional group, and R.sup.3 to R.sup.12 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having a polymerizable functional group, and a polymerizable functional group, provided that at least one of R.sup.3 to R.sup.12 represents an electron-withdrawing group, and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.12 has a polymerizable functional group.)

A monomer represented by Chemical Formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, o, p, q, and r are the same as defined in the detailed description.

A monomer represented by Chemical Formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, o, p, q, and r are the same as defined in the detailed description.

Provided is a catalyst for transesterification reactions, which contains an iron salen complex. Also provided is a method for producing an ester compound, which is characterized by carrying out a transesterification reaction between a starting material ester and a starting material alcohol with use of the catalyst.

Provided is a catalyst for transesterification reactions, which contains an iron salen complex. Also provided is a method for producing an ester compound, which is characterized by carrying out a transesterification reaction between a starting material ester and a starting material alcohol with use of the catalyst.

To provide an electrochromic element, which contains: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electrolyte provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electrode contains a polymer product obtained through polymerization of an electrochromic composition where the electrochromic composition contains a radical polymerizable compound containing triarylamine.