The present invention relates to a method of producing ε-caprolactam, the method including the following steps (A) and (B): (A) a step of reacting 5-cyanovaleramide with hydrogen in an aqueous solvent in a presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to obtain a 5-cyanovaleramide hydrogenation reaction mixture; (B) a step of heating the 5-cyanovaleramide hydrogenation reaction mixture at a temperature of 180° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower in an aqueous solvent to obtain ε-caprolactam.

The present invention relates to a method of producing ε-caprolactam, the method including the following steps (A) and (B): (A) a step of reacting 5-cyanovaleramide with hydrogen in an aqueous solvent in a presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to obtain a 5-cyanovaleramide hydrogenation reaction mixture; (B) a step of heating the 5-cyanovaleramide hydrogenation reaction mixture at a temperature of 180° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower in an aqueous solvent to obtain ε-caprolactam.

The present invention provides an amino acid composition, and a method for producing amino acids by means of energy irradiation, the method comprises contacting a nanostructure catalyst with at least one nitrogen-containing source, at least one hydrogen-containing source and at least one carbon-containing source, and irradiating the nanostructure catalyst, the nitrogen-containing source, the hydrogen-containing source and the carbon-containing source with energy, to produce the amino acids.

The present invention provides an amino acid composition, and a method for producing amino acids by means of energy irradiation, the method comprises contacting a nanostructure catalyst with at least one nitrogen-containing source, at least one hydrogen-containing source and at least one carbon-containing source, and irradiating the nanostructure catalyst, the nitrogen-containing source, the hydrogen-containing source and the carbon-containing source with energy, to produce the amino acids.

The present invention provides an amino acid composition, and a method for producing amino acids by means of energy irradiation, the method comprises contacting a nanostructure catalyst with at least one nitrogen-containing source, at least one hydrogen-containing source and at least one carbon-containing source, and irradiating the nanostructure catalyst, the nitrogen-containing source, the hydrogen-containing source and the carbon-containing source with energy, to produce the amino acids.

The present invention relates to a method for stabilizing radiosynthetic intermediates used in synthesis of .sup.18F radiolabeled aromatic amino acid derivatives toward decomposition caused by beta and gamma radiations by the use of radical scavengers and/or reductants and/or antioxidants.

The present invention relates to a method for stabilizing radiosynthetic intermediates used in synthesis of .sup.18F radiolabeled aromatic amino acid derivatives toward decomposition caused by beta and gamma radiations by the use of radical scavengers and/or reductants and/or antioxidants.

The present invention provides a conductive polymer composition which contains (A) a polyaniline-based conductive polymer having a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1), (B) a polyanion, and (C) a betaine compound, ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.A1 to R.sup.A4 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a linear, branched, or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom; and R.sup.A1 and R.sup.A2, or R.sup.A3 and R.sup.A4 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. There can be provided a conductive polymer composition that has excellent antistatic performance and applicability, does not adversely affect a resist, and can be suitably used in lithography using electron beam or the like.

The present invention provides a conductive polymer composition which contains (A) a polyaniline-based conductive polymer having a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1), (B) a polyanion, and (C) a betaine compound, ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.A1 to R.sup.A4 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a linear, branched, or cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom; and R.sup.A1 and R.sup.A2, or R.sup.A3 and R.sup.A4 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. There can be provided a conductive polymer composition that has excellent antistatic performance and applicability, does not adversely affect a resist, and can be suitably used in lithography using electron beam or the like.

A full continuous-flow preparation method of L-carnitine, including: mixing chlorine gas and a diketene solution via a first micromixer followed by transportation to a first microchannel reactor for continuous chlorination and esterification reaction to obtain 4-chloroacetoacetate; feeding the 4-chloroacetoacetate and a reductase to a second micromixer and a second microchannel reactor in sequence for continuous catalytic reaction to obtain (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate; simultaneously transporting the (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate and a trimethylamine solution to a third micromixer and a third microchannel reactor for continuous substitution and hydrolysis reaction; and subjecting the reaction mixture to desalination and concentration to obtain the L-carnitine.