The disclosure provides, inter alia, safe and environmentally-friendly methods, such as flow chemistry, to synthesize isocyanates, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and tetramethylxylene diisocyanate.

The disclosure provides, inter alia, safe and environmentally-friendly methods, such as flow chemistry, to synthesize isocyanates, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and tetramethylxylene diisocyanate.

A method is disclosed for preparing hydrazides from hydrazine and an acyl chloride which comprises the steps of (a) preparing a stirred substantially uniform slurry comprising hydrazine and an inert solvent at low temperature; and (b) adding an acyl chloride continuously to said slurry. The method avoids or limits production of undesired bis-hydrazide by-products. The method is used to prepare 3-methyl-3-mercaptobutanoic acid hydrazide, a molecule used to link calicheamicin to a monoclonal antibody.

A method is disclosed for preparing hydrazides from hydrazine and an acyl chloride which comprises the steps of (a) preparing a stirred substantially uniform slurry comprising hydrazine and an inert solvent at low temperature; and (b) adding an acyl chloride continuously to said slurry. The method avoids or limits production of undesired bis-hydrazide by-products. The method is used to prepare 3-methyl-3-mercaptobutanoic acid hydrazide, a molecule used to link calicheamicin to a monoclonal antibody.

The present application is directed to a nanocage of Formula (I): wherein A and R are as described herein. The present application is also directed to a process for preparation of a nanocage of Formula (I). Methods of utilizing the nanocage for detecting an analyte in a fluid and for functionalizing a polymer are also described.

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The present application is directed to a nanocage of Formula (I): wherein A and R are as described herein. The present application is also directed to a process for preparation of a nanocage of Formula (I). Methods of utilizing the nanocage for detecting an analyte in a fluid and for functionalizing a polymer are also described.

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Disclosed are a low-migration hindered phenol antioxidant compound, a preparation method and a composition. During production, processing or use, polymers experience degradation due to factors such as light, oxygen and heat. The oxidation resistance thereof is often increased by adding one or more common antioxidants, thereby inhibiting and delaying the rate if oxidative degradation thereof. The structures of traditional hindered phenolic antioxidant compounds migrate in polymers. The hindered phenolic antioxidant compound of the present invention has more hindered phenol units, and can achieve the objectives of low extraction and low migration.

Described herein is a fluorinated diaminoolefin of formula (I) (R.sub.f.sup.1CF.sub.2)(R.sub.f.sup.2)NCH.sub.2CH═CHCH.sub.2N(R.sub.f.sup.4)(CF.sub.2R.sub.f.sup.3) where: R.sub.f.sup.1 and R.sub.f.sup.3, are independently selected from F, a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-7 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-7 carbon atoms comprising at least one catenated atom selected from O, N, S or combinations thereof; and R.sub.f.sup.2 and R.sub.f.sup.4 are independently selected from a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-7 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-7 carbon atoms comprising at least one catenated atom selected from O, N, S or combinations thereof or at least one of (i) R.sub.f.sup.1CF.sub.2 and R.sub.f.sup.2 and (ii) R.sub.f.sup.3CF.sub.2 and R.sub.f.sup.4 are bonded together to form a fluorinated ring structure comprising 4-8 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated atom selected from O, N, S or combinations thereof.

The present invention provides diacylhydrazine ligands and chiral diacylhydrazine ligands for use with ecdysone receptor-based inducible gene expression systems. Thus, the present invention is useful for applications such as gene therapy, large scale production of proteins and antibodies, cell-based screening assays, functional genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and regulation of traits in transgenic organisms, where control of gene expression levels is desirable. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a means to regulate gene expression and to tailor expression levels to suit the user's requirements.

The present invention provides diacylhydrazine ligands and chiral diacylhydrazine ligands for use with ecdysone receptor-based inducible gene expression systems. Thus, the present invention is useful for applications such as gene therapy, large scale production of proteins and antibodies, cell-based screening assays, functional genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and regulation of traits in transgenic organisms, where control of gene expression levels is desirable. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a means to regulate gene expression and to tailor expression levels to suit the user's requirements.