Embodiments of the present invention provide for syntheses of pattern-specific compounds using hypohalites, such as hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite and potassium hypoiodite, as dual-radical generators, wherein the synthesis can be implemented by a cyclization reaction, a dehydrogenation reaction, a hydroxylation reaction, a decarboxylation reaction, or any combination of the above four.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for syntheses of pattern-specific compounds using hypohalites, such as hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite and potassium hypoiodite, as dual-radical generators, wherein the synthesis can be implemented by a cyclization reaction, a dehydrogenation reaction, a hydroxylation reaction, a decarboxylation reaction, or any combination of the above four.

The present invention generally relates to a chemical process under flow conditions for manufacturing compounds which absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation and protect biological materials as well as non-biological materials from damaging exposure to UV radiation. The present invention further includes formulations and compositions comprising such compounds for use in absorbing UV radiation, as well as methods for protecting biological materials as well as non-biological materials from damaging exposure to UV radiation.

The present invention generally relates to a chemical process under flow conditions for manufacturing compounds which absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation and protect biological materials as well as non-biological materials from damaging exposure to UV radiation. The present invention further includes formulations and compositions comprising such compounds for use in absorbing UV radiation, as well as methods for protecting biological materials as well as non-biological materials from damaging exposure to UV radiation.

In some embodiments of the invention, inventive compounds (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), (II), and (III), and urolithin derivatives) are disclosed. Other embodiments include compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) comprising the inventive compound. Still other embodiments of the invention include compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) for treating, for example, certain diseases using the inventive compounds. Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive compound (e.g., in compositions or in pharmaceutical compositions) for administering and treating (e.g., diseases). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive compounds. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.

A method for quantitatively determining the amount of acetaminophen in a sample with greater precision, greater sensitivity and fewer interactions and fewer spectral and chemical interferences with other compounds contained in the sample. The method includes acetaminophen being hydrolyzed and the resulting p-minophenol being reacted with a compound of general formula (III)

##STR00001##

in the presence of an oxidant, wherein R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from H, CH.sub.3, and OCH.sub.3, R3 is C.sub.2H.sub.5 and R4 is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl moiety with a terminal sulfonate group, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R2 is OCH.sub.3 and/or R4 additionally has at least one OH substituent, and then the amount of the compound of general formula (IV) in the reaction mixture being photometrically determined.

A method for quantitatively determining the amount of acetaminophen in a sample with greater precision, greater sensitivity and fewer interactions and fewer spectral and chemical interferences with other compounds contained in the sample. The method includes acetaminophen being hydrolyzed and the resulting p-minophenol being reacted with a compound of general formula (III)

##STR00001##

in the presence of an oxidant, wherein R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from H, CH.sub.3, and OCH.sub.3, R3 is C.sub.2H.sub.5 and R4 is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl moiety with a terminal sulfonate group, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R2 is OCH.sub.3 and/or R4 additionally has at least one OH substituent, and then the amount of the compound of general formula (IV) in the reaction mixture being photometrically determined.

A method for quantitatively determining the amount of acetaminophen in a sample with greater precision, greater sensitivity and fewer interactions and fewer spectral and chemical interferences with other compounds contained in the sample. The method includes acetaminophen being hydrolyzed and the resulting p-aminophenol being reacted with a compound of general formula (III): ##STR00001##
in the presence of an oxidant to form a compound of general formula (IV): ##STR00002##
wherein R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from H, CH.sub.3, and OCH.sub.3, R3 is C.sub.2H.sub.5 and R4 is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl moiety with a terminal sulfonate group, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R2 is OCH.sub.3 and/or R4 additionally has at least one OH substituent, and then the amount of the compound of general formula (IV) in the reaction mixture being photometrically determined.

A method for quantitatively determining the amount of acetaminophen in a sample with greater precision, greater sensitivity and fewer interactions and fewer spectral and chemical interferences with other compounds contained in the sample. The method includes acetaminophen being hydrolyzed and the resulting p-aminophenol being reacted with a compound of general formula (III): ##STR00001##
in the presence of an oxidant to form a compound of general formula (IV): ##STR00002##
wherein R1 and R2, independently of one another, are selected from H, CH.sub.3, and OCH.sub.3, R3 is C.sub.2H.sub.5 and R4 is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl moiety with a terminal sulfonate group, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R2 is OCH.sub.3 and/or R4 additionally has at least one OH substituent, and then the amount of the compound of general formula (IV) in the reaction mixture being photometrically determined.

A method is described for mass spectrometric analysis, detection and quantification of catecholamines. The methods can comprise reacting the catecholamines with a 4-aminoantipyrine reagent and detecting and/or quantifying the adduct produced by the reaction. The methods can also allow for multiplexing. Compounds formed by the reactions are also provided.