Provided herein is a unique process that prepares a saturated hydrocarbon mixture with well-controlled structural characteristics that address the performance requirements driven by the stricter environmental and fuel economy regulations for automotive engine oils. The process allows for the branching characteristics of the hydrocarbon molecules to be controlled so as to consistently provide a composition that has a surprising CCS viscosity at −35° C. (ASTM D5329) and Noack volatility (ASTM D5800) relationship. The process comprises providing a specific olefinic feedstock, oligomerizing in the presence of a BF.sub.3 catalyst, and hydroisomerizing in the presence of a noble-metal impregnated, 10-member ring zeolite catalyst.

Systems and methods for producing butadiene are disclosed. In a reaction unit, n-butane is dehydrogenated in the presence of a double-dehydrogenation catalyst to produce a mixture that includes butadiene and unreacted n-butane. An extractive distillation unit that uses soybean oil as the solvent is utilized to extract at least some of the unreacted n-butane from the mixture.

Provided herein is a unique process that prepares a saturated hydrocarbon mixture with well-controlled structural characteristics that address the performance requirements driven by the stricter environmental and fuel economy regulations for automotive engine oils. The process allows for the branching characteristics of the hydrocarbon molecules to be controlled so as to consistently provide a composition that has a surprising CCS viscosity at −35° C. (ASTM D5329) and Noack volatility (ASTM D5800) relationship. The process comprises providing a specific olefinic feedstock, oligomerizing in the presence of a BF.sub.3 catalyst, and hydroisomerizing in the presence of a noble-metal impregnated, 10-member ring zeolite catalyst.

Provided herein is a unique process that prepares a saturated hydrocarbon mixture with well-controlled structural characteristics that address the performance requirements driven by the stricter environmental and fuel economy regulations for automotive engine oils. The process allows for the branching characteristics of the hydrocarbon molecules to be controlled so as to consistently provide a composition that has a surprising CCS viscosity at 35 C. (ASTM D5329) and Noack volatility (ASTM D5800) relationship. The process comprises providing a specific olefinic feedstock, oligomerizing in the presence of a BF.sub.3 catalyst, and hydroisomerizing in the presence of a noble-metal impregnated, 10-member ring zeolite catalyst.

Systems and methods for hydrodearylation of a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising non-condensed alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic hydrocarbons, the method including supplying a hydrogen feed to the hydrocarbon feed stream comprising non-condensed alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic hydrocarbons; mixing the hydrogen feed with the hydrocarbon feed stream to saturate the hydrocarbon feed stream with hydrogen gas to create a hydrogen-enriched liquid hydrocarbon stream; passing the hydrogen-enriched liquid hydrocarbon stream to a hydrodearylation reactor without a separate gaseous phase of hydrogen; allowing the hydrogen-enriched liquid hydrocarbon stream to react in presence of a catalyst under specific reaction conditions to produce a product stream comprising a reduced concentration of di-aromatic compounds and an increased concentration of mono-aromatic compounds compared to the hydrocarbon feed stream comprising non-condensed alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic hydrocarbons; and recovering, from the hydrodearylation reactor, a product stream for a downstream process, wherein the non-condensed alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic hydrocarbons include at least two benzene rings connected by an alkyl bridge group having at least two carbons, wherein the benzene rings are connected to different carbons of the alkyl bridge group.

A method for producing a dehydrogenated product and a coked catalyst, then introducing an oxygen-containing fluid, combusting at least a portion of the coke disposed on the catalyst in the presence of the oxygen-containing fluid to produce a decoked catalyst. An apparatus for introducing fluid into a reactor, comprising a first inlet conduit configured to convey a first gas, a second inlet conduit configured to convey a second gas, and an outlet conduit configured to convey the first gas and the second gas into a reactor, wherein there is an acute angle between a longitudinal axes of the first inlet conduit and a longitudinal axis of the second inlet conduit and an obtuse angle between a longitudinal axis of the outlet conduit and the longitudinal axis of the second inlet conduit and a pre-distributor disposed, in one embodiment on the inner surface, within the first inlet conduit is disclosed.

A method for preparing an aryl substituted p-phenylenediamine substance is provided. A structural formula of the aryl substituted p-phenylenediamine substance is shown as Formula (I), where each of R and R is phenyl or o-methylphenyl, and R is same as or different from R; and the method comprises that: a raw material A and a raw material B are reacted in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor and a catalyst to form the aryl substituted p-phenylenediamine substance, the raw material A having a structure shown as Formula (I), the raw material B being cyclohexanone and/or o-methylcyclohexanone and the hydrogen acceptor being a hydrogen acceptor capable of accepting hydrogen for conversion into the raw material B. Raw materials are low in cost and readily available; use of a large amount of water for post-treatment is avoided. The reaction condition is relatively mild, and corrosion to equipment is avoided.

Provided herein is a unique process that prepares a saturated hydrocarbon mixture with well-controlled structural characteristics that address the performance requirements driven by the stricter environmental and fuel economy regulations for automotive engine oils. The process allows for the branching characteristics of the hydrocarbon molecules to be controlled so as to consistently provide a composition that has a surprising CCS viscosity at 35 C. (ASTM D5329) and Noack volatility (ASTM D5800) relationship. The process comprises providing a specific olefinic feedstock, oligomerizing in the presence of a BF.sub.3 catalyst, and hydroisomerizing in the presence of a noble-metal impregnated, 10-member ring zeolite catalyst.

A method for producing a dehydrogenated product and a coked catalyst, then introducing an oxygen-containing fluid, combusting at least a portion of the coke disposed on the catalyst in the presence of the oxygen-containing fluid to produce a decoked catalyst. An apparatus for introducing fluid into a reactor, comprising a first inlet conduit configured to convey a first gas, a second inlet conduit configured to convey a second gas, and an outlet conduit configured to convey the first gas and the second gas into a reactor, wherein there is an acute angle between a longitudinal axes of the first inlet conduit and a longitudinal axis of the second inlet conduit and an obtuse angle between a longitudinal axis of the outlet conduit and the longitudinal axis of the second inlet conduit and a pre-distributor disposed, in one embodiment on the inner surface, within the first inlet conduit is disclosed.

A method for preparing an aryl substituted p-phenylenediamine substance is provided. A structural formula of the aryl substituted p-phenylenediamine substance is shown as Formula (I), where each of R and R is phenyl or o-methylphenyl, and R is same as or different from R; and the method comprises that: a raw material A and a raw material B are reacted in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor and a catalyst to form the aryl substituted p-phenylenediamine substance, the raw material A having a structure shown as Formula (I), the raw material B being cyclohexanone and/or o-methylcyclohexanone and the hydrogen acceptor being a hydrogen acceptor capable of accepting hydrogen for conversion into the raw material B. Raw materials are low in cost and readily available; use of a large amount of water for post-treatment is avoided. The reaction condition is relatively mild, and corrosion to equipment is avoided.