A process for producing high octane alkylate is provided. The process involves reacting isobutane and ethylene using an ionic liquid catalyst. Reaction conditions can be chosen to assist in attaining, or to optimize, desirable alkylate yields and/or properties.

Provided herein are processes for ethylene oligomerization in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst and a co-catalyst to produce a hydrocarbon product comprising C.sub.10-C.sub.55 oligomers.

A process for producing ethylene comprising (a) contacting a reactant mixture with an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) catalyst in the presence of a chlorine intermediate precursor in a reactor to yield a product mixture, wherein the reactant mixture comprises methane and oxygen, wherein the product mixture comprises ethylene, ethane, and unreacted methane, and wherein the OCM catalyst comprises an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or both; and (b) recovering at least a portion of the ethylene from the product mixture. Yielding the product mixture in step (a) further comprises (i) allowing a first portion of the reactant mixture to react via an OCM reaction, (ii) allowing at least a portion of the chlorine intermediate precursor to generate a chlorine intermediate, and (iii) allowing a second portion of the reactant mixture to react via the chlorine intermediate.

The present application discloses low temperature, low pressure methods (LTLP) for upgrading and/or stabilizing bio-oil or a bio-oil fraction. One method comprises providing a bio-oil or bio-oil fraction and hydrogen, which are reacted in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature of less than 150 C. and a pressure of less than 100 bar (absolute) to produce a hydrogenated liquid oil at a carbon yield of over 75%. Another method comprises providing a bio-oil or bio-oil fraction, providing oxygen reducing reaction conditions, and reacting the bio-oil or bio-oil fraction under the oxygen reducing reaction conditions at LTLP to produce an upgraded bio-oil product containing fewer carbonyls than the bio-oil or bio-oil fraction. Yet another method comprises providing a bio-oil or bio-oil fraction and a solution comprising one or more fermentation organisms and a sugar source. The solution and bio-oil or bio-oil fraction are combined to obtain a fermentation mixture, which is incubated at 15 C. to 30 C. for 16 to 72 hours to produce an upgraded bio-oil fermentation product containing fewer carbonyls than the bio-oil or bio-oil fraction.

A process for producing high octane alkylate is provided. The process involves reacting isobutane and ethylene using an ionic liquid catalyst. Reaction conditions can be chosen to assist in attaining, or to optimize, desirable alkylate yields and/or properties.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a process which generally includes contacting i) a monomer or mixture of monomers, ii) a haloaluminate ionic liquid, and iii) one or more halide components in a reaction zone, and oligomerizing the monomer or mixture of monomers in the reaction zone to form an oligomer product. The combination of the haloaluminate ionic liquid and halide component can constitute a catalyst system which is used in embodiments of the process to produce the oligomer product.

The present invention relates to a new process for the synthesis of 2,3,4,5,6,7-substituted indenes, which are useful precursors for the formation of certain ansa-metallocene catalysts.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing cyclohexane by isomerizing a hydrocarbon mixture (HM1) comprising methylcyclopentane (MCP) in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst is preferably an acidic ionic liquid. The starting material used is a stream (S1) which originates from a steamcracking process. The hydrocarbon mixture (HM1) obtained from this stream (S1) in an apparatus for aromatics removal has a reduced aromatics content compared to stream (S1), and (HM1) may optionally also be (virtually) free of aromatics. Depending on the type and amount of the aromatics remaining in the hydrocarbon mixture (HM1), especially in the case that benzene is present, the isomerization may additionally be preceded by performance of a hydrogenation of (HM1). In addition, depending on the presence of other components of (HM1), further purification steps may optionally be performed prior to or after the isomerization or hydrogenation. High-purity (on-spec) cyclohexane is preferably isolated from the hydrocarbon mixture (HM2) obtained in the isomerization, the specifications being, for example, those applicable to the use of the cyclohexane for the preparation, known to those skilled in the art, of caprolactam.

Provided herein are processes for ethylene oligomerization in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst and a co-catalyst to produce a hydrocarbon product comprising C.sub.10-C.sub.55 oligomers.

A process of tuning a hydrocarbon product composition is described. The process involves selecting paraffins for reaction. The equilibrium constants for reactions of the selected paraffins can be used to select appropriate feed ratios, or an equilibrium composition as function of C/H molar ratio. A selected feed is reacted to obtain the product. Equilibrium product compositions and non-equilibrium product compositions can be obtained using the process.