Provided is a method for producing a propylene oligomer, which is advantageous in that a lowly branched propylene oligomer can be obtained at high selectivity. A method for producing a propylene oligomer, including an oligomerization step of oligomerizing propylene at lower than 160° C. in the presence of at least one member selected from a group consisting of a catalyst containing crystalline molecular sieve and a catalyst containing phosphoric acid, a fractional distillation step of obtaining a fraction containing a propylene trimer, a propylene tetramer, or a mixture thereof, and an isomerization step of isomerizing the propylene trimer, propylene tetramer, or mixture thereof contained in the fraction in the presence of a catalyst containing phosphoric acid.

Processes and apparatuses for the production of propylene are provided. In an embodiment, a process is provided for production of propylene from an oxygenate feed comprising passing the oxygenate feed to an oxygenate-to-olefin reactor to contact the oxygenate feed with a catalyst to provide an effluent stream comprising olefins comprising ethylene, propylene and butylene. The effluent stream is separated in a product separation zone to generate a propylene product stream, an ethylene stream and a C.sub.4+ stream. The ethylene stream is reacted in an ethylene dimerization or oligomerization reactor in presence of a dimerization or oligomerization catalyst to provide a first process stream. The C.sub.4+ stream and the first process stream are cracked in a cracking reactor under cracking conditions to provide a cracked stream comprising additional amounts of ethylene and propylene. Finally, the cracked stream is passed to the product separation zone to recover additional amounts of propylene.

A method of performing a chemical reaction includes reacting a compound selected from the group consisting of an organohalide and an organo-pseudohalide, and a protected organoboronic acid represented by formula (I) in a reaction mixture:
R.sup.1—B-T  (I);
where R.sup.1 represents an organic group, T represents a conformationally rigid protecting group, and B represents boron having sp.sup.3 hybridization. When unprotected, the corresponding organoboronic acid is unstable by the boronic acid neat stability test. The reaction mixture further includes a base having a pK.sub.B of at least 1 and a palladium catalyst. The method further includes forming a cross-coupled product in the reaction mixture.

A method for producing butadiene from 2,3-butanediol with high selectivity without using a radioactive substance is disclosed. The method for producing butadiene comprises the step of dehydrating 2,3-butanediol in the presence of a catalyst containing an alkali metal salt of phosphoric acid such as an alkali metal dihydrogen phosphate supported on silica. Preferred examples of the alkali metal herein include K, Rb, and Cs. The catalyst is preferably a catalyst prepared by calcination of the silica to which the alkali metal of phosphoric acid is attached.

In a feed clean-up process at least two adsorbents (2, 4) are installed in front of an oligomerization reactor (3). Olefin feed is sent over one adsorbent (2) and the nitrile poisons are adsorbed so that clean feed will enter the reactor (3). Before the adsorbent (2) will be saturated, the feed (1) is sent to the other, fresh adsorbent (4). At the same time oligomerization product from the reactor (3) is used to desorb nitriles from the spent adsorbent (2).

The invention relates to a process for dehydration of an ethanol feedstock into ethylene comprising at least the stages: a) A stage for pretreatment of the ethanol feedstock on an acidic solid, b) A stage for evaporation of said pretreated ethanol feedstock in a heat exchanger, c) A stage for superheating said evaporated feedstock in such a way as to bring it to an inlet temperature that is compatible with the temperature of a dehydration reaction, d) A stage for dehydration of said feedstock that is obtained from stage c) in at least one adiabatic reactor that contains at least one dehydration catalyst.

The present invention concerns a process for oligomerizing an olefin feedstock to form an oligomerization product, and a method of controlling such an oligomerization process. The process comprises oligomerizing propylene to form a C.sub.n olefin, including contacting a feed stream comprising propylene and a recycle fraction with a solid phosphoric acid oligomerization catalyst under effective oligomerization conditions in an oligomerization reactor to produce an oligomerization effluent; and fractionating the oligomerization effluent to obtain a product fraction and the recycle fraction, the product fraction comprising the C.sub.n olefin and the recycle fraction comprising a C.sub.n-3 olefin; wherein the recycle fraction comprises at least 80 wt % of the C.sub.n-3 olefin, based on the weight of the recycle fraction; and wherein n is 9, or 12.

A method for producing a conjugated diene, including a step A of allowing an α-olefin and formaldehyde to react with each other to produce a γ,δ-unsaturated alcohol in the presence of an alcohol; and a step B of subjecting the γ,δ-unsaturated alcohol to a dehydration reaction at 135 to 210° C. in the presence of an aqueous solution of an acidic catalyst.

The present invention describes novel Cashew Nut Shell Liquid derived cycloaliphatic functional compounds and methods for making the same. The invention also provide methods to use these derivatives in antimicrobials, antioxidants, adhesives, coatings, corrosion retardants composites, cosmetics, detergents, soaps, de-icing products, elastomers, food, flavors, inks, lubricants, oil field chemicals, tackifiers, prepolymer chain-extenders, rheology modifiers, electrical and electronic components (potting, castings, encapsulants), personal care products, polymers, structural polymers, engineered plastics, 3D printable polymers, 3D printable polymers, UV/E-beam/cationic curable polymers, techno-polymers, rubbers, sealants, solvents, surfactants and varnishes, transformer oil, lubricants.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a butadiene pathway. The invention additionally provides methods of using such organisms to produce butadiene.