The present disclosure relates to a heterocyclic compound represented by formula (1), (2) or (3), or a salt thereof. The present disclosure also relates to an active material containing at least one heterocyclic compound or a salt thereof described above, an electrolytic solution containing the active material, and a redox flow battery including the electrolytic solution.

A sulfuric acid ester containing a plurality of carbonyl groups or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. The sulfuric acid ester is a compound represented by the following formula:
R.sup.1—C(═O)—R.sup.2—C(═O)—R.sup.3—OSO.sub.3X
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are defined herein; X is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.4.sub.4, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R.sup.4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring. Also disclosed is a surfactant containing the sulfuric acid ester and an aqueous dispersant containing the sulfuric acid ester.

Method for hydrogenating an ester with molecular hydrogen to the corresponding alcohols in the presence of a ruthenium complex (I), wherein said complex comprises a tridentate ligand L of the general formula (II) ##STR00001##
n and m are each independently 0 or 1, and the solid-dashed double lines represent a single or double bond, with the proviso that in the case of n=1 both solid-dashed double lines represent a single bond and m is 1, and in the case of n=0 one solid-dashed double line represents a single bond and the other solid-dashed double line represents a double bond, wherein in the case of a double bond on the side facing the phenyl ring m=1, in the case of a double bond on the side facing the pyridyl ring m=0, or both solid-dashed double lines represent a single bond and m is 1.

Method for hydrogenating an ester with molecular hydrogen to the corresponding alcohols in the presence of a ruthenium complex (I), wherein said complex comprises a tridentate ligand L of the general formula (II)

##STR00001##

n and m are each independently 0 or 1, and the solid-dashed double lines represent a single or double bond, with the proviso that in the case of n=1 both solid-dashed double lines represent a single bond and m is 1, and in the case of n=0 one solid-dashed double line represents a single bond and the other solid-dashed double line represents a double bond, wherein in the case of a double bond on the side facing the phenyl ring m=1, in the case of a double bond on the side facing the pyridyl ring m=0, or both solid-dashed double lines represent a single bond and m is 1.

The invention provides 20-nor-salvinorin A, an analog of the kappa-opioid agonist salvinorin A. The 20-nor-salvinorin A is an active kappa-opioid modulator and can be used for treatment of medical conditions wherein modulation of the kappa-opioid receptor is medically indicated, such as pain, pruritis, depression, or inflammation, or conditions implicating perception and consciousness. 20-nor-salvinorin A can be less additive when used in treatment compared to a mu-opioid receptor agonist, and 20-nor-salvinorin A is more stable in vivo than is parent compound salvinorin A. The invention further provides synthetic intermediates and procedures for preparation of 20-nor-salvinorin A.

Provided is a metal complex as represented by formula I. The metal complex may be used as a catalyst for asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation, is capable of efficiently catalyzing and synthesizing a series of chiral p-aryl amides having high optical purity, and is especially capable of asymmetrically catalyzing and hydrogenating a tetra-substituted enamide compound, chiral amides having high optical purity are synthesized, and the carrying amount of ligand may reach 100,000.

##STR00001##

Methods of preparing unsaturated compounds or analogs through dehydrogenation of corresponding saturated compounds and/or hydrogenation of aromatic compounds are disclosed.

A resist composition comprising a base polymer and a sulfonium salt of iodized benzoic acid offers a high sensitivity and minimal LWR independent of whether it is of positive or negative tone.

The present invention concerns a method for preparing certain steroidal derivatives alkylated in position 6, comprising a step of alkylating the corresponding compound halogenated in position 6 with an organometallic alkylating agent.

A method for converting cedarwood oil into high density fuels including, hydrogenating cedarwood oil in the presence of at least one hydrogenation catalyst to generate hydrogenated cedarwood oil, removing the hydrogenation catalyst from the hydrogenated cedarwood oil, purifying the hydrogenated cedarwood oil to produce a first high density fuel, isomerizing the first high density fuel in the presence of at least one acid catalyst catalyst to generate a hydrocarbon mixture including adamantanes, and distilling the adamantane mixture to produce a second alkyl-adamantane high density fuel.