Provided herein is 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-7,7′-diol, which is a compound represented by formula I, or an enantiomer or a raceme thereof. The 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-7,7′-diol is prepared with a 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-7,7′-dicarbaldehyde derivative as a starting material through a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation rearrangement reaction and an alkaline hydrolysis reaction. The 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-7,7′-diol comprises two gem-dimethyl groups and is a key intermediate for preparing corresponding 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-based monophosphine ligands, such as phosphonite ligands, phosphite ligands, phosphoramidite ester ligands, phosphoric acid and phsophonamidate. The 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-7,7′-diol skeleton provided herein could be used in chemical industry and has economic practicality and industrial application prospects.

##STR00001##

Provided are vitamin D.sub.3 derivatives of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and pharmaceutical or medical uses thereof for treating metabolic disease, a liver disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer in a patient in need thereof.

Disclosed is a cyclopropanation process comprising the step of reacting an alkene compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond with at least one dihaloalkane. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (i) particulate metal Zn, (ii) catalytically effective amount of particulate metal Cu or a salt thereof, (iii) at least one haloalkylsilane, and (iv) at least one solvent.

Provided are vitamin D.sub.3 derivatives of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and pharmaceutical or medical uses thereof for treating metabolic disease, a liver disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer in a patient in need thereof.

A light emitting element of one or more embodiments includes a first electrode, a second electrode provided on the first electrode, and at least one functional layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the functional layer includes an amine compound including a spiro-bonded linker of two hydrocarbon rings and two amine groups connected with the linker. The light emitting element may have improved emission efficiency and element life.

The present invention provides a novel organic compound, a material comprising the same for organic electroluminescence devices, and an organic electroluminescence device comprising the material. The organic compound provided in the present invention is useful in organic electroluminescence devices as a hole injection layer material, a hole transport layer material, an electron blocking layer material, and an emission layer material such as green and red phosphorescent host material, and can reduce the drive voltage, and increase the luminous efficiency, luminance, thermal stability, color purity and service life of the devices. ##STR00001##

Disclosed is a cyclopropanation process comprising the step of reacting an alkene compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond with at least one dihaloalkane. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (i) particulate metal Zn, (ii) catalytically effective amount of particulate metal Cu or a salt thereof, (iii) at least one haloalkylsilane, and (iv) at least one solvent.

Disclosed is a cyclopropanation process comprising the step of reacting an alkene compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond with at least one dihaloalkane. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (i) particulate metal Zn, (ii) catalytically effective amount of particulate metal Cu or a salt thereof, (iii) at least one haloalkylsilane, and (iv) at least one solvent.

An organic compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 is disclosed. Also a light emitting diode including the organic compound is described. ##STR00001##

Disclosed is a cyclopropanation process comprising the step of reacting an alkene compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond with at least one dihaloalkane. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (i) particulate metal Zn, (ii) catalytically effective amount of particulate metal Cu or a salt thereof, (iii) at least one haloalkylsilane, and (iv) at least one solvent.