A process for producing fuel-range organic oxygen-containing compounds is provided. The process includes converting glycerol in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst. The fuel-range organic oxygen-containing compounds can be deoxygenated to produce gasoline and jet fuels or fuel blending components.

Disclosed herein is a metal oxide aerogel catalyst for hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation, a method for preparing the same, and a method for hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation using the same. The catalyst consists of a metal and an oxide thereof, and the catalyst is in a form of an aerogel produced by supercritical drying. The catalyst has an effect of providing high hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation efficiency of an oxygen-containing compound.

Disclosed herein is a metal oxide aerogel catalyst for hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation, a method for preparing the same, and a method for hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation using the same. The catalyst consists of a metal and an oxide thereof, and the catalyst is in a form of an aerogel produced by supercritical drying. The catalyst has an effect of providing high hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation efficiency of an oxygen-containing compound.

Process for transformation of a feedstock of lignocellulosic biomass and/or the carbohydrates, into mono-oxidized or poly-oxidized compounds, wherein the feedstock is contacted, simultaneously, with a catalytic system that comprises one or more homogeneous catalysts selected from Brønsted acids and heterogeneous catalysts comprising at least one metal selected from groups 6 to 11 and 14 of the periodic table, and a substrate selected from perovskites of formula ABO.sub.3, in which A is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and La, and B is selected from Fe, Mn, Ti and Zr, oxides of lanthanum, neodymium, yttrium, cerium, and niobium, or mixtures thereof, and mixed oxides of aluminates of zinc, copper, and cobalt, or mixtures thereof, in the same reaction chamber, with at least one solvent, being water or water with at least one other solvent, under reducing atmosphere, and temperature of 50° C. to 300° C., and pressure of 0.5 MPa to 20 MPa.

Process for transformation of a feedstock of lignocellulosic biomass and/or the carbohydrates, into mono-oxidized or poly-oxidized compounds, wherein the feedstock is contacted, simultaneously, with a catalytic system that comprises one or more homogeneous catalysts selected from Brønsted acids and heterogeneous catalysts comprising at least one metal selected from groups 6 to 11 and 14 of the periodic table, and a substrate selected from perovskites of formula ABO.sub.3, in which A is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and La, and B is selected from Fe, Mn, Ti and Zr, oxides of lanthanum, neodymium, yttrium, cerium, and niobium, or mixtures thereof, and mixed oxides of aluminates of zinc, copper, and cobalt, or mixtures thereof, in the same reaction chamber, with at least one solvent, being water or water with at least one other solvent, under reducing atmosphere, and temperature of 50° C. to 300° C., and pressure of 0.5 MPa to 20 MPa.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and other C.sub.1-C.sub.3 hydroxy compounds comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.1-C.sub.3 oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a copper on carbon catalyst.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and other C.sub.1-C.sub.3 hydroxy compounds comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.1-C.sub.3 oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a copper on carbon catalyst.

Disclosed is a Hot Isostatic Pressed ferritic-austenitic steel alloy, as well objects thereof. The elementary composition of the alloy comprises, in percentages by weight: TABLE-US-00001 C  0-0.05; Si 0-0.8; Mn 0-4.0; Cr more than 29-35; Ni 3.0-10;  Mo 0-4.0; N 0.30-0.55;   Cu 0-0.8; W 0-3.0; S  0-0.03; Ce 0-0.2;
the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities. The objects can be particularly useful in making components for a urea production plant that require processing such as machining or drilling. A preferred use is in making, or replacing, liquid distributors as used in a stripper as is typically present in the high-pressure synthesis section of a urea plant.

Provided is a catalyst for reduction reaction with which 1,4-butanediol or tetrahydrofuran can be obtained with higher selectivity than with the related art, using a raw material derived from biomass. The catalyst is used in a reduction reaction of 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran with hydrogen, wherein the catalyst contains metal catalysts (1) and (2) below; metal catalyst (1): a catalyst containing M1 and M2 below as metal species and supported on a carrier; and metal catalyst (2): a catalyst containing M1 below as a metal species and supported on a carrier; M1: one or more selected from the group consisting of iron and elements belonging to periods 4 to 6 and groups 5 to 7 of the periodic table; and M2: one or more selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, osmium, and elements belonging to periods 4 to 6 and groups 9 to 11 of the periodic table.

A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor including a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles. The heat carrying particles may be separated from the fluidized stream prior to cooling the fragmentation product and may be directed to a reheater to reheat the particles and recirculate the heated particles to the fragmentation reactor.