The disclosure includes brominated alkenyl alcohols, their use as a flame retardant in polyurethane and polyurethane foams, and polyurethanes containing the brominated alkenyl alcohols. Compositions, methods, and processes are disclosed. The brominated alkenyl alcohols used as flame retardants in polyurethanes can be generally described by Formula (I), the scope of which is disclosed herein.

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The disclosure includes brominated alkenyl alcohols, their use as a flame retardant in polyurethane and polyurethane foams, and polyurethanes containing the brominated alkenyl alcohols. Compositions, methods, and processes are disclosed. The brominated alkenyl alcohols used as flame retardants in polyurethanes can be generally described by Formula (I), the scope of which is disclosed herein.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein are methods and systems that relate to various configurations of electrochemical, bromination, oxybromination, bromine oxidation, hydrolysis, neutralization, and epoxidation reactions to form propylene bromohydrin, propanal, and propylene oxide or to form bromoethanol, bromoacetaldehyde, and ethylene oxide.

Disclosed herein are methods and systems that relate to various configurations of electrochemical, bromination, oxybromination, bromine oxidation, hydrolysis, neutralization, and epoxidation reactions to form propylene bromohydrin, propanal, and propylene oxide or to form bromoethanol, bromoacetaldehyde, and ethylene oxide.

There are provided methods and systems to form propylene chlorohydrin by hydrolysis of dichloropropane in presence of Lewis acid and to further form propylene oxide from the propylene chlorohydrin.

There are provided methods and systems to form propylene chlorohydrin by hydrolysis of dichloropropane in presence of Lewis acid and to further form propylene oxide from the propylene chlorohydrin.

A process to prepare (9E,11Z)-9,11-hexadecadienyl acetate with a good yield and high purity of the general formula (1): CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCHCHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.aX.=The process includes a step of conducting a Wittig reaction between a haloalkenal of the general formula (2): OHCCHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.aX, and a triarylphosphonium pentylide of the general formula (3): CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.sup.P.sup.+Ar.sub.3, to obtain the 1-haloalkadiene, and the use of a (7E,9Z)-1-halo-7,9-tetradecadiene obtained by the process for a process of preparing (9E, 11Z)-9,11-hexadecadienyl acetate.

A process to prepare (9E,11Z)-9,11-hexadecadienyl acetate with a good yield and high purity of the general formula (1): CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CHCHCHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.aX.=The process includes a step of conducting a Wittig reaction between a haloalkenal of the general formula (2): OHCCHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.aX, and a triarylphosphonium pentylide of the general formula (3): CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.sup.P.sup.+Ar.sub.3, to obtain the 1-haloalkadiene, and the use of a (7E,9Z)-1-halo-7,9-tetradecadiene obtained by the process for a process of preparing (9E, 11Z)-9,11-hexadecadienyl acetate.

There are provided methods and systems to form propylene chlorohydrin by hydrolysis of dichloropropane in presence of Lewis acid and to further form propylene oxide from the propylene chlorohydrin.

There are provided methods and systems to form propylene chlorohydrin by hydrolysis of dichloropropane in presence of Lewis acid and to further form propylene oxide from the propylene chlorohydrin.