The present disclosure relates to a heterocyclic compound represented by formula (1), (2) or (3), or a salt thereof. The present disclosure also relates to an active material containing at least one heterocyclic compound or a salt thereof described above, an electrolytic solution containing the active material, and a redox flow battery including the electrolytic solution.

The present invention relates to novel compounds containing fluorinated end groups, to the use thereof as surface-active substances, and to compositions comprising these compounds.

Disclosed is a sulfanyl sulfonic acid compound represented by the following formula (1) or a metal salt thereof. In the formula, m represents an integer of 2 to 7, n represents an integer of 3 to 10, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

##STR00001##

Disclosed is a sulfanyl sulfonic acid compound represented by the following formula (1) or a metal salt thereof. In the formula, m represents an integer of 2 to 7, n represents an integer of 3 to 10, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

##STR00001##

The present specification relates to a halogenated compound, a polymer and a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same.

The present specification relates to a compound including an aromatic ring, a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same, a membrane-electrode assembly including the polymer electrolyte membrane, a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly, and a redox flow battery including the polymer electrolyte membrane.

The present specification relates to a compound including an aromatic ring, a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same, a membrane-electrode assembly including the polymer electrolyte membrane, a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly, and a redox flow battery including the polymer electrolyte membrane.

Compositions and methods for inhibiting the DNA repair protein complex, ERCC1-XPF, and methods to enhance clinical responses to anticancer drugs that interact with DNA such as cisplatin, and to overcome drug resistance due to DNA repair mechanisms, are described.

Compositions and methods for inhibiting the DNA repair protein complex, ERCC1-XPF, and methods to enhance clinical responses to anticancer drugs that interact with DNA such as cisplatin, and to overcome drug resistance due to DNA repair mechanisms, are described.

A deep eutectic solvent consisting of (2-hydroxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride and dithiothreitol in a molar ratio of from 1:2 to 1:3 and from 0% to 10% co-solvent, and methods of enzymatic production of polypeptides using the deep eutectic solvent.