A process for the preparation of a polyunsaturated thiol comprising: (1) reacting a polyunsaturated alcohol in the presence of a compound of formula R.sub.2—SO.sub.2Hal wherein R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbyl group, such an C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, to form a polyunsaturated sulphonyl ester; (2) converting the polyunsaturated sulphonyl ester to a polyunsaturated thioester by reacting with an anion of formula .sup.−SC(═O)R.sub.4 wherein R.sub.4 is a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbyl group; (3) converting the polyunsaturated thioester to form a polyunsaturated thiol optionally in the presence of an antioxidant, e.g. using a metal carbonate. (4) reacting said polyunsaturated thiol with a compound (LG)R.sup.3COX wherein X is an electron withdrawing group and R.sup.3 is an alkylene group carrying a leaving group (LG), such as LG-CH.sub.2— forming

##STR00001## where X is an electron withdrawing group and LG is a leaving group; optionally in the presence of an antioxidant, so as to form a polyunsaturated ketone compound.

A process for the preparation of a polyunsaturated thiol comprising: (1) reacting a polyunsaturated alcohol in the presence of a compound of formula R.sub.2—SO.sub.2Hal wherein R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbyl group, such an C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, to form a polyunsaturated sulphonyl ester; (2) converting the polyunsaturated sulphonyl ester to a polyunsaturated thioester by reacting with an anion of formula .sup.−SC(═O)R.sub.4 wherein R.sub.4 is a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbyl group; (3) converting the polyunsaturated thioester to form a polyunsaturated thiol optionally in the presence of an antioxidant, e.g. using a metal carbonate. (4) reacting said polyunsaturated thiol with a compound (LG)R.sup.3COX wherein X is an electron withdrawing group and R.sup.3 is an alkylene group carrying a leaving group (LG), such as LG-CH.sub.2— forming

##STR00001## where X is an electron withdrawing group and LG is a leaving group; optionally in the presence of an antioxidant, so as to form a polyunsaturated ketone compound.

A compound is shown in formula I and can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a stereoisomer, or a solvate, or a prodrug, or a metabolite. The compound takes effect rapidly and has a long-time local anesthetic effect following a single dose, with the sensory nerve blocking time being greater than the motor nerve blocking time, has both a long-acting local anesthetic effect and a selective local anesthetic effect, significantly reduces side effects of the compositions QX314 and QX314 and a quaternary ammonium salt compound with surfactant structural characteristics, and is safer. The compound of formula I of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used for preparing drugs that have a long-time local anesthetic effect and a selective local anesthetic effect.

The present application provides methods and compounds of modulating Nrf2 pathway. Methods for treating cancer and neurodegenerative conditions are also provided.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

The present invention relates to novel ophthalmic devices comprising polymerized compounds comprising a photoactive unit, said polymerized compounds, and special monomer compounds being particularly suitable for compositions and ophthalmic devices.

The present invention relates to novel ophthalmic devices comprising polymerized compounds comprising a photoactive unit, said polymerized compounds, and special monomer compounds being particularly suitable for compositions and ophthalmic devices.