Provided is an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition that can provide a pattern having good cross-sectional rectangularity. The actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition includes: a resin having a group that is decomposed by the action of an acid to generate a polar group; an onium salt (I) that generates an acid represented by formula (1) upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation; and an onium salt (II) having at least one structural moiety W that includes an anionic moiety A and a cationic moiety M and forms an acidic moiety represented by HA upon irradiation with the actinic rays or radiation. The acid dissociation constant derived from the acidic moiety represented by HA and formed by replacing the cationic moiety in the structural moiety W with H.sup.+ is larger than the acid dissociation constant of the acid represented by formula (1).

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The invention is in the field of medical sciences. It provides new pharmaceutical methods and preparations. The invention relates to methods for improving the pharmacokinetic, physicochemical or pharmaceutical properties of drugs by converting the drug into a promoiety-containing 1-substituted disulfanylalkyl carbonate, thiocarbamate or carbamate prodrug. In particular, the invention relates to methods for improving the solubility, permeability, stability and/or oral bioavailability of a drug by converting the drug into a promoiety-containing 1-(disulfanylalkyl) carbonate, thiocarbonate or carbamate prodrug. The invention also provides new compositions comprising a drug covalently attached to a promoiety-containing 1-(disulfanylalkyl) carbonate, thiocarbonate or carbamate. More in particular, the invention relates to a method for increasing the oral bioavailability of a drug by covalently attaching a promoiety-containing 1-disulfanylalkyloxycarbonyl unit to a hydroxyl or amine containing drug in which the promoiety contains a 1-O, 1-S, 6-O or 6-S-linked monosaccharide.

The invention is in the field of medical sciences. It provides new pharmaceutical methods and preparations. The invention relates to methods for improving the pharmacokinetic, physicochemical or pharmaceutical properties of drugs by converting the drug into a promoiety-containing 1-substituted disulfanylalkyl carbonate, thiocarbamate or carbamate prodrug. In particular, the invention relates to methods for improving the solubility, permeability, stability and/or oral bioavailability of a drug by converting the drug into a promoiety-containing 1-(disulfanylalkyl) carbonate, thiocarbonate or carbamate prodrug. The invention also provides new compositions comprising a drug covalently attached to a promoiety-containing 1-(disulfanylalkyl) carbonate, thiocarbonate or carbamate. More in particular, the invention relates to a method for increasing the oral bioavailability of a drug by covalently attaching a promoiety-containing 1-disulfanylalkyloxycarbonyl unit to a hydroxyl or amine containing drug in which the promoiety contains a 1-O, 1-S, 6-O or 6-S-linked monosaccharide.

Disclosed are monomers for copolymerization with alkenes, dienes, vinyl compounds, and/or vinylidene compounds, a process for preparing a copolymer, a copolymer prepared by the process, a sulfur-crosslinkable rubber mixture, and the use of the sulfur-crosslinkable rubber mixture for production of motor vehicle tires. In one embodiment, the monomer has the formula A-S-P, wherein A is a chemical group containing at least one CC aliphatic double bond, S is a sulfur atom, and P is a protecting group.

Disclosed are monomers for copolymerization with alkenes, dienes, vinyl compounds, and/or vinylidene compounds, a process for preparing a copolymer, a copolymer prepared by the process, a sulfur-crosslinkable rubber mixture, and the use of the sulfur-crosslinkable rubber mixture for production of motor vehicle tires. In one embodiment, the monomer has the formula A-S-P, wherein A is a chemical group containing at least one CC aliphatic double bond, S is a sulfur atom, and P is a protecting group.

The present invention describes synthesis of Toluidine blue O for a formulation to be used for screening and biopsy site identification in oral cancer. The invention discloses two formulations and a method of delivery of the said formulations via a kit. The method described is a reproducible method of synthesis of pharmaceutical grade Toluidine blue O of acceptable purity and good colorimetric value. The present invention also discloses a kit that includes one formulation of a cleaning solution containing an organic acid and another formulation that is a vital stain formulation. The kit is packaged as a dual chamber sprayer having two pump dispensers, that facilitates ready to use, convenient dental chair side delivery, and allows mass screening.

The present invention describes synthesis of Toluidine blue O for a formulation to be used for screening and biopsy site identification in oral cancer. The invention discloses two formulations and a method of delivery of the said formulations via a kit. The method described is a reproducible method of synthesis of pharmaceutical grade Toluidine blue O of acceptable purity and good colorimetric value. The present invention also discloses a kit that includes one formulation of a cleaning solution containing an organic acid and another formulation that is a vital stain formulation. The kit is packaged as a dual chamber sprayer having two pump dispensers, that facilitates ready to use, convenient dental chair side delivery, and allows mass screening.