A production method of producing a fluorine-containing olefin by allowing a first olefin represented by the following Formula (1) and a second olefin to react with each other in the presence of a ruthenium compound represented by the following Formula (X) is provided.

##STR00001##

The present application discloses a 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-based phosphine ligand, an intermediate, a preparation method and uses thereof. The compound of phosphine ligand is a compound having a structure represented by formula I or formula II, or an enantiomer, a raceme, or diastereomer thereof. The phosphine ligand can be prepared via a preparation scheme in which the cheap and easily available 6,6′-dihydroxyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane is used as a raw material and the compound represented by formula III serves as the key intermediate. The new phosphine ligand developed by the present application can be used in catalytic organic reaction, in particular as a chiral phosphine ligand that is widely used in many asymmetric catalytic reactions including asymmetric hydrogenation and asymmetric allyl alkylation, and thus it has economic practicability and industrial application prospect. ##STR00001##

Methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. For example, methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. A method described herein, in some embodiments, comprises providing a reaction mixture including a photoredox catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, a coupling partner and a substrate having a carboxyl group. The reaction mixture is irradiated with a radiation source resulting in cross-coupling of the substrate and coupling partner via a mechanism including decarboxylation, wherein the coupling partner is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aromatic compound and a substituted aliphatic compound.

Methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. For example, methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. A method described herein, in some embodiments, comprises providing a reaction mixture including a photoredox catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, a coupling partner and a substrate having a carboxyl group. The reaction mixture is irradiated with a radiation source resulting in cross-coupling of the substrate and coupling partner via a mechanism including decarboxylation, wherein the coupling partner is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aromatic compound and a substituted aliphatic compound.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a salt of formula I: where R.sup.1, X, n, R, R.sup.1, Y, m, p, q, Z and o are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are methods of using said salts in chemical synthesis, such as to prepare compounds isotopically enriched in 18F for use in PET & imaging, as well as methods to make the compounds of formula I.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a salt of formula I: where R.sup.1, X, n, R, R.sup.1, Y, m, p, q, Z and o are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are methods of using said salts in chemical synthesis, such as to prepare compounds isotopically enriched in 18F for use in PET & imaging, as well as methods to make the compounds of formula I.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a salt of formula I: where R.sup.1, X, n, R, R.sup.1, Y, m, p, q, Z and o are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are methods of using said salts in chemical synthesis, such as to prepare compounds isotopically enriched in 18F for use in PET & imaging, as well as methods to make the compounds of formula I.

The present disclosure relates to a novel process for the synthesis of stereospecific compounds of Vitamin K2 group in general and Vitamin K2-7. The present disclosure further discloses novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of stereospecific Vitamin K2-7. Compounds of the Vitamin K2 group obtained are crystalline and exhibit well defined melting points.

The present disclosure relates to a novel process for the synthesis of stereospecific compounds of Vitamin K2 group in general and Vitamin K2-7. The present disclosure further discloses novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of stereospecific Vitamin K2-7. Compounds of the Vitamin K2 group obtained are crystalline and exhibit well defined melting points.

The present disclosure relates to new cannabinoid derivatives and precursors and catalytic asymmetric processes for their preparation. The disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions and pharmaceutical and analytical uses of the new cannabinoid derivatives. For instance, the disclosure relates to the preparation of new precursors, and the use of such precursor compounds for the preparation of isotope labelled cannabinoid products using chiral and achiral catalysts and catalytic processes. The deuterium, carbon-13 and carbon-14 containing compounds can be prepared and purified prior to transformation to the desired individual deuterated cannabinoid products.