Methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. For example, methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. A method described herein, in some embodiments, comprises providing a reaction mixture including a photoredox catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, a coupling partner and a substrate having a carboxyl group. The reaction mixture is irradiated with a radiation source resulting in cross-coupling of the substrate and coupling partner via a mechanism including decarboxylation, wherein the coupling partner is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aromatic compound and a substituted aliphatic compound.

Methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. For example, methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. A method described herein, in some embodiments, comprises providing a reaction mixture including a photoredox catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, a coupling partner and a substrate having a carboxyl group. The reaction mixture is irradiated with a radiation source resulting in cross-coupling of the substrate and coupling partner via a mechanism including decarboxylation, wherein the coupling partner is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aromatic compound and a substituted aliphatic compound.

A method of oxygenating a benzylic C—H bond is provided. The method comprises light induced activation of an initiator and subsequent reaction with oxygen, resulting in the formation of free radicals. Subsequently, free radicals catalyze the reaction of the benzylic C—H bond with oxygen, thereby forming an oxygenated compound.

A method of oxygenating a benzylic C—H bond is provided. The method comprises light induced activation of an initiator and subsequent reaction with oxygen, resulting in the formation of free radicals. Subsequently, free radicals catalyze the reaction of the benzylic C—H bond with oxygen, thereby forming an oxygenated compound.

Lithium extractant compounds having the following structure:

##STR00001##

wherein: R.sup.a and R.sup.b are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon groups (R), —OR, —NRR′, —SR, —SO.sub.2R, —SO.sub.2NR.sub.2, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR′, —C(S)OR, —C(O)SR, and —C(S)NRR′; R′ is selected from R′ groups, wherein R′ is selected from H and R groups; X is O or OH; Y is C or N, wherein, when Y is N, then R.sup.a is R. Also described are hydrophobic water-insoluble solutions containing at least one extractant compound of Formula (1). Also described is a method for extracting lithium from an aqueous solution by contacting the aqueous solution with the hydrophobic solution, and optional stripping of lithium from the hydrophobic solution by contacting the hydrophobic solution with an aqueous stripping solution.

Provided herein, in part, is a new class of sterically bulky, easily prepared N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands of Formula I, or a salt, solvate, geometric isomer, or stereoisomer thereof. The ligands are readily synthetically accessible exploiting the cost-effective, modular alkylation of anilines. The NHC ligands of the present disclosure can be used to prepare effective catalysts with transition metals, including the compound of Formula II, or a salt, solvate, geometric isomer, or stereoisomer thereof. In certain embodiments, the transition metal is Pd.

Provided herein, in part, is a new class of sterically bulky, easily prepared N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands of Formula I, or a salt, solvate, geometric isomer, or stereoisomer thereof. The ligands are readily synthetically accessible exploiting the cost-effective, modular alkylation of anilines. The NHC ligands of the present disclosure can be used to prepare effective catalysts with transition metals, including the compound of Formula II, or a salt, solvate, geometric isomer, or stereoisomer thereof. In certain embodiments, the transition metal is Pd.

The present invention relates to a method for the metal-free preparation of a biaryl compound by a photosplicing reaction and its use in the preparation of chemical compounds, preferably of active ingredients e.g. in the fields of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In particular, it refers to a method for the regiocontrolled preparation of a biaryl compound of formula (I): Ar—Ar′ by photochemically reacting a precursor compound of formula (II): Ar—L—Ar′ to form a biaryl compound of general formula: Ar—L—Ar′(II).fwdarw.Ar—Ar′ (I) wherein Ar and Ar′, independently of each other, represent an unsubstituted or substituted C6-C20 aryl group or a heteroaryl group with 5-20 ring atoms selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and L represents a group —X—Y—Z— as defined herein. The biaryl compounds are generally suitable as intermediates or key building blocks in a very broad spectrum of organic chemical syntheses and their respective utilities. Their use within the field of synthesis of active ingredients is an aspect of the invention, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutically active ingredients is particularly preferred.

The present invention relates to a method for the metal-free preparation of a biaryl compound by a photosplicing reaction and its use in the preparation of chemical compounds, preferably of active ingredients e.g. in the fields of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In particular, it refers to a method for the regiocontrolled preparation of a biaryl compound of formula (I): Ar—Ar′ by photochemically reacting a precursor compound of formula (II): Ar—L—Ar′ to form a biaryl compound of general formula: Ar—L—Ar′(II).fwdarw.Ar—Ar′ (I) wherein Ar and Ar′, independently of each other, represent an unsubstituted or substituted C6-C20 aryl group or a heteroaryl group with 5-20 ring atoms selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and L represents a group —X—Y—Z— as defined herein. The biaryl compounds are generally suitable as intermediates or key building blocks in a very broad spectrum of organic chemical syntheses and their respective utilities. Their use within the field of synthesis of active ingredients is an aspect of the invention, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutically active ingredients is particularly preferred.

A solid-supported catalyst ligand which chelates palladium (II) species to form a complex that functions as a heterogeneous catalyst that is stable and can be recycled without significantly losing any catalytic activity in a variety of chemical transformations, a method for producing the solid-supported catalyst ligand and a method for catalyzing a palladium cross-coupling reaction, such as the Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck, and Sonagashira reactions.