A photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member is a single layer and contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, a first electron transport material, a second electron transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin includes repeating units (1), (2), (3), and (4).

##STR00001##

A percentage of the number of repeats of the repeating unit (3) relative to the total of the number of repeats of the repeating units (1) and the number of repeats of the repeating unit (3) is greater than 0% and less than 20%. The first electron transport material includes a compound represented by formula (A15) or (A16).

##STR00002##

The second electron transport material includes a compound represented by formula (B10), (B11), (B12), (B13), or (B14)

##STR00003##

Zwitterion ligand metal complexes and methods of aerobic oxidation using a zwitterion ligand metal complex are provided. The zwitterion ligand metal complexes can include a transition metal salt and a zwitterion ligand, which can comprise a non-conjugated amide anion-phosphonium cation, an amide anion-ammonium cation, or an iminium cation. The methods of aerobic oxidation can include combining the zwitterion ligand metal complex with an oxidizable compound and molecular oxygen to allow the isolation of an oxidized compound from the oxidizable compound.

Zwitterion ligand metal complexes and methods of aerobic oxidation using a zwitterion ligand metal complex are provided. The zwitterion ligand metal complexes can include a transition metal salt and a zwitterion ligand, which can comprise a non-conjugated amide anion-phosphonium cation, an amide anion-ammonium cation, or an iminium cation. The methods of aerobic oxidation can include combining the zwitterion ligand metal complex with an oxidizable compound and molecular oxygen to allow the isolation of an oxidized compound from the oxidizable compound.

Zwitterion ligand metal complexes and methods of aerobic oxidation using a zwitterion ligand metal complex are provided. The zwitterion ligand metal complexes can include a transition metal salt and a zwitterion ligand, which can comprise a non-conjugated amide anion-phosphonium cation, an amide anion-ammonium cation, or an iminium cation. The methods of aerobic oxidation can include combining the zwitterion ligand metal complex with an oxidizable compound and molecular oxygen to allow the isolation of an oxidized compound from the oxidizable compound.

Zwitterion ligand metal complexes and methods of aerobic oxidation using a zwitterion ligand metal complex are provided. The zwitterion ligand metal complexes can include a transition metal salt and a zwitterion ligand, which can comprise a non-conjugated amide anion-phosphonium cation, an amide anion-ammonium cation, or an iminium cation. The methods of aerobic oxidation can include combining the zwitterion ligand metal complex with an oxidizable compound and molecular oxygen to allow the isolation of an oxidized compound from the oxidizable compound.

A phenylene ether oligomer is prepared by a process that includes partially converting 2,6-dimethylphenol to 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl and/or 3,3,5,5-tetramethyldiphenoquinone, converting the residual 2,6 dimethylphenol to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and any 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl to 3,3,5,5-tetramethyldiphenoquinone, and reacting the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and 3,3,5,5-tetramethyldiphenoquinone to form the phenylene ether oligomer. The preparation can be conducted without isolation of intermediates.

##STR00001## ##STR00002## ##STR00003##

A phenylene ether oligomer is prepared by a process that includes partially converting 2,6-dimethylphenol to 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl and/or 3,3,5,5-tetramethyldiphenoquinone, converting the residual 2,6 dimethylphenol to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and any 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl to 3,3,5,5-tetramethyldiphenoquinone, and reacting the poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and 3,3,5,5-tetramethyldiphenoquinone to form the phenylene ether oligomer. The preparation can be conducted without isolation of intermediates.

##STR00001## ##STR00002## ##STR00003##

A method for producing an arene with an aromatic CN bond ortho to an aromatic CO bond from a hydroxy arene comprising said aromatic CO bond is provided. This method comprising the steps a) ortho-oxygenating the hydroxy arene to produce an ortho-quinone, b) condensating the ortho-quinone with a nitrogen nucleophile to generate a compound of Formula (IVa) or (IVb), and c) allowing 1,5-hydrogen atom shift of the compound of Formula (IVa) or (IVb), thereby producing arenes with a CN bond ortho to a CO bond of Formula (Va) and (Vb), respectively: ##STR00001##

A method for producing an arene with an aromatic CN bond ortho to an aromatic CO bond from a hydroxy arene comprising said aromatic CO bond is provided. This method comprising the steps a) ortho-oxygenating the hydroxy arene to produce an ortho-quinone, b) condensating the ortho-quinone with a nitrogen nucleophile to generate a compound of Formula (IVa) or (IVb), and c) allowing 1,5-hydrogen atom shift of the compound of Formula (IVa) or (IVb), thereby producing arenes with a CN bond ortho to a CO bond of Formula (Va) and (Vb), respectively: ##STR00001##

A method for producing an arene with an aromatic CN bond ortho to an aromatic CO bond from a hydroxy arene comprising said aromatic CO bond is provided. This method comprising the steps a) ortho-oxygenating the hydroxy arene to produce an ortho-quinone, b) condensating the ortho-quinone with a nitrogen nucleophile to generate a compound of Formula (IVa) or (IVb), and c) allowing 1,5-hydrogen atom shift of the compound of Formula (IVa) or (IVb), thereby producing arenes with a CN bond ortho to a CO bond of Formula (Va) and (Vb), respectively:

##STR00001##