Methods for asymmetric cis-dihydroxylation (“AD”) of quinones to produce cis-diols of quinones with high yield (i.e. a yield ≥30%) and high enantioselectivity (i.e. an enantiometric excess ≥30%) are disclosed. The method uses an iron-based catalyst, such as one or more Fe(II) complexes, as the catalyst, and can be performed under mild reaction conditions (e.g. a temperature ≤50° C. at 1 atom in open air). The method generally includes: (i) maintaining a reaction mixture at a temperature for a period of time sufficient to form a product, where the reaction mixture contains a quinone, one or more iron-based catalyst(s), and a solvent, and where the product contains a chiral cis-diol. Optionally, the method also includes adding an oxidant into the reaction mixture prior to and/or during step (i), such as a hydrogen peroxide solution.

Methods for asymmetric cis-dihydroxylation (“AD”) of quinones to produce cis-diols of quinones with high yield (i.e. a yield ≥30%) and high enantioselectivity (i.e. an enantiometric excess ≥30%) are disclosed. The method uses an iron-based catalyst, such as one or more Fe(II) complexes, as the catalyst, and can be performed under mild reaction conditions (e.g. a temperature ≤50° C. at 1 atom in open air). The method generally includes: (i) maintaining a reaction mixture at a temperature for a period of time sufficient to form a product, where the reaction mixture contains a quinone, one or more iron-based catalyst(s), and a solvent, and where the product contains a chiral cis-diol. Optionally, the method also includes adding an oxidant into the reaction mixture prior to and/or during step (i), such as a hydrogen peroxide solution.

The present disclosure relates to compounds that act as protein kinase inhibitors, especially CK1δ and/or CK1ε inhibitors, which can be used to treat a serine threonine kinase-dependent disease and condition, such as neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease, and the synthesis of the same. Further, the present disclosure teaches the utilization of such compounds in a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.

Disclosed is an aqueous electrolyte for redox flow battery, including a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001##

and/or an ion of compound (I), and/or a salt of compound (I), and/or a reduced form of the anthraquinone member of compound (I), wherein: X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a OH group and a —O-A-R.sup.1 group, A representing a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R.sup.1 representing COOH or SO.sub.3H; wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is OH, and wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is —O-A-R.sup.1.

Disclosed is an aqueous electrolyte for redox flow battery, including a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001##

and/or an ion of compound (I), and/or a salt of compound (I), and/or a reduced form of the anthraquinone member of compound (I), wherein: X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a OH group and a —O-A-R.sup.1 group, A representing a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R.sup.1 representing COOH or SO.sub.3H; wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is OH, and wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is —O-A-R.sup.1.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent zoonotic and anthroponotic protozoan parasite that causes a diarrheal syndrome in children and neonatal livestock, culminating in growth retardation and mortalities. Disclosed herein are inhibitors against the enzymatic activity of recombinant CpLDH protein that were identified. The inhibitors were tested for anti-Cryptosporidium effect using in vitro infection assays of HCT-8 cells monolayers. Compounds NSC158011 and NSC10447 were identified to inhibit the proliferation of intracellular C. parvum in vitro, with IC50 values of 14.88 and 72.65 μM, respectively. At doses tolerable in mice, both NSC158011 and NSC10447 significantly reduced the shedding of C. parvum oocysts in infected immunocompromised mice's feces and prevented intestinal villous atrophy as well as mucosal erosion due to C. parvum. These findings have unveiled anti-Cryptosporidium drug candidates that can be explored further for the development of therapeutic agents against C. parvum infections.

A series of new macrocycles and cage-like molecules are obtained in a high yield from a bis-(2,4-dialkoxyphenyl)arene (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, porphyrin, etc.) or a tris-(2,4-dialkoxyphenyl)arene (benzene, sym-tribenzobenzene) and paraformaldehyde under the catalysis of a Lewis acid. In addition, perhydroxybiphenylarenes (tetrabiphenyl trimer, naphthalene dimer, etc.) can be obtained by means of demethylation, and a variety of water-soluble derivatives can be obtained by further modification, with same exhibiting a good bond ability for guest molecules (purpurine, etc.). Moreover, the functional group introduced into the backbone enables the macrocycle to have excellent adsorption and separation capabilities and a photophysical property. The macrocyclic and cage-like molecules have commercially available raw materials, are simple to synthesize, have a high yield, and are convenient to modify, such that same have wide application prospects in gas adsorption and separation, facilitate performance improvement of luminescent materials, perform adsorption of water-soluble toxic substances, etc.

A series of new macrocycles and cage-like molecules are obtained in a high yield from a bis-(2,4-dialkoxyphenyl)arene (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, porphyrin, etc.) or a tris-(2,4-dialkoxyphenyl)arene (benzene, sym-tribenzobenzene) and paraformaldehyde under the catalysis of a Lewis acid. In addition, perhydroxybiphenylarenes (tetrabiphenyl trimer, naphthalene dimer, etc.) can be obtained by means of demethylation, and a variety of water-soluble derivatives can be obtained by further modification, with same exhibiting a good bond ability for guest molecules (purpurine, etc.). Moreover, the functional group introduced into the backbone enables the macrocycle to have excellent adsorption and separation capabilities and a photophysical property. The macrocyclic and cage-like molecules have commercially available raw materials, are simple to synthesize, have a high yield, and are convenient to modify, such that same have wide application prospects in gas adsorption and separation, facilitate performance improvement of luminescent materials, perform adsorption of water-soluble toxic substances, etc.

Provided herein are compositions and methods of using compositions for treating respiratory diseases in a subject in need of such treatment. In particular, provided herein are compositions and methods of using compositions for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). More particularly, provided herein are compositions comprising ENaC agonists for treating SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19).

Provided herein are compositions and methods of using compositions for treating respiratory diseases in a subject in need of such treatment. In particular, provided herein are compositions and methods of using compositions for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). More particularly, provided herein are compositions comprising ENaC agonists for treating SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19).