Catalysts containing a support and a metal oxide, and reactors and methods of using the catalysts in a carbonylation reaction, such as alcohol carbonylation and ester carbonylation, are described herein. The support is typically chemically inert and has a high surface area. The metal oxide typically contains a transition metal or a mixture of metals, such as rhenium, aluminum, tungsten, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. Typically, the metal oxide is mainly atomically dispersed on the surface of the support, as indicated by STEM. For example, at least 10% of the metal oxide is atomically dispersed on the surface of the support. The method includes (i) exposing a mixture of one or more alcohols or one or more esters and carbon monoxide to the catalyst. Typically, the one or more alcohols or one or more esters and carbon monoxide are in a gas phase.

Catalysts containing a support and a metal oxide, and reactors and methods of using the catalysts in a carbonylation reaction, such as alcohol carbonylation and ester carbonylation, are described herein. The support is typically chemically inert and has a high surface area. The metal oxide typically contains a transition metal or a mixture of metals, such as rhenium, aluminum, tungsten, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. Typically, the metal oxide is mainly atomically dispersed on the surface of the support, as indicated by STEM. For example, at least 10% of the metal oxide is atomically dispersed on the surface of the support. The method includes (i) exposing a mixture of one or more alcohols or one or more esters and carbon monoxide to the catalyst. Typically, the one or more alcohols or one or more esters and carbon monoxide are in a gas phase.

Provided is a first process of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising performing a transanhydridization reaction of an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid and an acid of the thermally regenerable anhydride, wherein at least one of the organic mono-acid and thermally regenerable anhydride is provided by a preprocess that is integrated with the first process. An anhydride production system that is integrated with at least one preprocess, a wood acetylation process coupled to an acetic anhydride production process, a process of supplying an acetic acid reactant feed to a transanhydridization reaction unit, and an integrated wood acetylation and anhydride production system also are provided.

Provided is a first process of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising performing a transanhydridization reaction of an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid and an acid of the thermally regenerable anhydride, wherein at least one of the organic mono-acid and thermally regenerable anhydride is provided by a preprocess that is integrated with the first process. An anhydride production system that is integrated with at least one preprocess, a wood acetylation process coupled to an acetic anhydride production process, a process of supplying an acetic acid reactant feed to a transanhydridization reaction unit, and an integrated wood acetylation and anhydride production system also are provided.

Provided is a first process of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising performing a transanhydridization reaction of an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid and an acid of the thermally regenerable anhydride, wherein at least one of the organic mono-acid and thermally regenerable anhydride is provided by a preprocess that is integrated with the first process. An anhydride production system that is integrated with at least one preprocess, a wood acetylation process coupled to an acetic anhydride production process, a process of supplying an acetic acid reactant feed to a transanhydridization reaction unit, and an integrated wood acetylation and anhydride production system also are provided.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.