The present invention provides continuous flow processes for the preparation of the compound of Formula (2-A), an intermediate used in the preparation of zuclomiphene or a salt thereof. ##STR00001##

Various processes for preparing aldaric acids, aldonic acids, uronic acids, and/or lactone(s) thereof are described. For example, processes for preparing a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldaric acid and/or lactone(s) thereof by the catalytic oxidation of a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldonic acid and/or lactone(s) thereof and/or a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldose are described.

Various processes for preparing aldaric acids, aldonic acids, uronic acids, and/or lactone(s) thereof are described. For example, processes for preparing a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldaric acid and/or lactone(s) thereof by the catalytic oxidation of a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldonic acid and/or lactone(s) thereof and/or a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldose are described.

Disclosed are methods to produce Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) products using materials recycled from TBC waste. These methods include ways to produce zirconium and rare earth chemicals and raw materials appropriate for producing TBC materials.

Disclosed are methods to produce Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) products using materials recycled from TBC waste. These methods include ways to produce zirconium and rare earth chemicals and raw materials appropriate for producing TBC materials.

Crystalline salts of psilocin are disclosed. The beneficial and therapeutic uses of the crystalline psilocin salts and of compositions containing the crystalline psilocin salts are also disclosed. The disclosure sets out methods of making and characterizing the crystalline psilocin salts.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) may have Zn(II), Pb(II), and/or Cd(II) as a central metal ion, a 4,4′-bipyridylethylene (bpe) ligand as a first ligand; and fumaric acid (fum) and/or oxalic acid (ox) as a second ligand, wherein the 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands are stacked in the MOF, and wherein a distance between two consecutive 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands is less than 5 Å. Cycloadditions, particularly photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions may be catalyzed by such MOFs, and/or the conversion of photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions in inventive MOFs may be increased by mechanical force, such as by grinding.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) may have Zn(II), Pb(II), and/or Cd(II) as a central metal ion, a 4,4′-bipyridylethylene (bpe) ligand as a first ligand; and fumaric acid (fum) and/or oxalic acid (ox) as a second ligand, wherein the 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands are stacked in the MOF, and wherein a distance between two consecutive 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands is less than 5 Å. Cycloadditions, particularly photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions may be catalyzed by such MOFs, and/or the conversion of photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions in inventive MOFs may be increased by mechanical force, such as by grinding.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) may have Zn(II), Pb(II), and/or Cd(II) as a central metal ion; a 4,4′-bipyridylethylene (bpe) ligand as a first ligand; and fumaric acid (fum) and/or oxalic acid (ox) as a second ligand, wherein the 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands are stacked in the MOF, and wherein a distance between two consecutive 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands is less than 5 Å. Cycloadditions, particularly photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions may be catalyzed by such MOFs, and/or the conversion of photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions in inventive MOFs may be increased by mechanical force, such as by grinding.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) may have Zn(II), Pb(II), and/or Cd(II) as a central metal ion; a 4,4′-bipyridylethylene (bpe) ligand as a first ligand; and fumaric acid (fum) and/or oxalic acid (ox) as a second ligand, wherein the 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands are stacked in the MOF, and wherein a distance between two consecutive 4,4′-bipyridylethylene ligands is less than 5 Å. Cycloadditions, particularly photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions may be catalyzed by such MOFs, and/or the conversion of photoinduced [2+2] cycloadditions in inventive MOFs may be increased by mechanical force, such as by grinding.