Methods for syntheses of organic acids from α-keto acids, including methods for syntheses of isotopically enriched organic acids from α-keto acids are disclosed. The isotopically enriched organic acids are useful, for example, in metabolic flux analyses.

Methods for syntheses of organic acids from α-keto acids, including methods for syntheses of isotopically enriched organic acids from α-keto acids are disclosed. The isotopically enriched organic acids are useful, for example, in metabolic flux analyses.

Provided herein novel processes for preparing carotenoids, substantially pure carotenoids (such as substantially pure trans crocetin diesters and substantially pure trans sodium crocetinate), pharmaceutical compositions, and related methods of treatment and uses. The provided compositions have uses in treating diseases, disorders and conditions associated with, but not limited to, infection, ARDS, endotoxemia, inflammation, sepsis, ischemia, hypoxia, shock, stroke, lung injury, wound healing, traumatic injury, reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, inflammatory disease, metabolic disease, pulmonary disorders, blood related disorders and hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer. Methods of making, and using the aqueous solutions and pharmaceutical compositions are also provided.

Provided herein novel processes for preparing carotenoids, substantially pure carotenoids (such as substantially pure trans crocetin diesters and substantially pure trans sodium crocetinate), pharmaceutical compositions, and related methods of treatment and uses. The provided compositions have uses in treating diseases, disorders and conditions associated with, but not limited to, infection, ARDS, endotoxemia, inflammation, sepsis, ischemia, hypoxia, shock, stroke, lung injury, wound healing, traumatic injury, reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, inflammatory disease, metabolic disease, pulmonary disorders, blood related disorders and hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer. Methods of making, and using the aqueous solutions and pharmaceutical compositions are also provided.

This invention relates to a process for preparing succinic acid and succinate ester from a succinic acid salt in fermentation broth. In the first stage of this invention, renewable carbon resources are utilized to produce succinic acid through biological fermentation. The succinic acid salt in the fermentation process is subjected to double displacement reaction with a strong acid leading to release of succinic acid. Succinic acid is recovered by fractional crystallization integrated with simulated moving bed chromatography to produce succinic acid and succinate ester.

This invention relates to a process for preparing succinic acid and succinate ester from a succinic acid salt in fermentation broth. In the first stage of this invention, renewable carbon resources are utilized to produce succinic acid through biological fermentation. The succinic acid salt in the fermentation process is subjected to double displacement reaction with a strong acid leading to release of succinic acid. Succinic acid is recovered by fractional crystallization integrated with simulated moving bed chromatography to produce succinic acid and succinate ester.

The present specification relates to a (meth)acrylate compound, and a copolymer and a homopolymer including a repeating unit derived therefrom.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group having less than 8 carbon atoms and R.sup.5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group.

##STR00001##

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group having less than 8 carbon atoms and R.sup.5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group.

##STR00001##

A method for concentrating and crystallizing fermentable carboxylic acids, salts, and mixtures thereof may involve the use of carboxylic acids that have a defined temperature dependence of the solubility and of the osmotic pressure. The carboxylic acids may be concentrated by a membrane method and subsequently crystallized out by a cooling crystallization and isolated. In some examples, the membrane method may involve nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and/or membrane distillation for separation into a concentrate and a permeate. Similarly, an apparatus for implementing such methods may include a nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and/or membrane distillation unit for concentrating the carboxylic acid, and at least one cooling crystallization unit for crystallizing the carboxylic acid.”